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Periodic Table
Periodic

Lutetium

View products including Lutetium ➡︎

Lutetium

Atomic Mass	174.9668
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f145d1
Estados de oxidación	+3
Año Descubrido	1907

Lutetium

Atomic Mass	174.9668
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f145d1
Estados de oxidación	+3
Año Descubrido	1907

Identifiers

Element Name	Lutetium
Element Symbol	Lu
InChI	InChI=1S/Lu
InChIKey	OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Propiedades

Atomic Weight	174.966 69(5) 174.9668 175.0 174.9668(1)
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s²4f¹⁴5d¹
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius : 221 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius : 175pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius : 187(8) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3 3, 2, 1 (a weakly basic oxide)
Ground Level	²D_3/2
Ionization Energy	5.426 eV 5.425871 ± 0.000012 eV
Electronegativity	Pauling Scale Electronegativity : 1.27(Pauling Scale) Allen Scale Electronegativity : 1.09(Allen Scale)
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	6
Element Group Number	3 - Lanthanide
Density	9.84 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	1936 K (1663°C or 3025°F) 1652°C
Boiling Point	3675 K (3402°C or 6156°F) 3402°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	8×10^-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	1.5×10^-7 milligrams per liter

Historia

The name derives from Lutetia, the ancient name for the city of Paris. The discovery of lutetium is credited to the French chemist Georges Urbain in 1907 although it had been separated earlier and independently by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer (Baron von Welsbach) from an ytterbium sample.

Von Welsbach had named the element cassiopeium after the constellation Cassiopeia. However, because Urbain published his results before Auer, his name for the element was adopted by IUPAC in 1949.

The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. In 1878 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, discovered that erbia was itself composed of two components. One component was named ytterbia by Marignac while the other component retained the name erbia. Marignac believed that ytterbia was a compound of a new element, which he named ytterbium. Other chemists produced and experimented with ytterbium in an attempt to determine some of it's properties. Unfortunately, different scientists obtained different results from the same experiments. While some scientists believed that these inconsistent results were caused by poor procedures or faulty equipment, Georges Urbain, a French chemist, believed that ytterbium wasn't an element at all, but a mixture of two elements. In 1907, Urbain was able to separate ytterbium into two elements. Urbain named one of the elements neoytterbium (new ytterbium) and the other element lutecium. Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist working independently of Urbain, reached the same conclusions at nearly the same time. Welsbach chose the names albebaranium and cassiopium for these elements. Urbain was eventually credited with the discovery of the elements and won the right to name them, although chemists later changed the name neoytterbium back to ytterbium and changed the spelling of lutecium to lutetium. Today, lutetium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.

Lutetia is the ancient name for Paris. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac's ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with "aldebaranium" and "cassiopeium," independently discovered at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
2024	174.966 69(5)
2007	174.9668(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03
1981	174.967(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198355071101
1977	174.967(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197951020405
1969	174.97(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1961	174.97	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00881a001
1940	174.99	https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9400000475
1916	175.0	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02176a001
1909	174.0	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2024	¹⁷⁵Lu	0.974 14(5)
2024	¹⁷⁶Lu	0.025 86(5)
2009	¹⁷⁵Lu	0.974 01(13)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02
2009	¹⁷⁶Lu	0.025 99(13)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02
1983	¹⁷⁵Lu	0.9741(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198456060675
1983	¹⁷⁶Lu	0.0259(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198456060675
1979	¹⁷⁵Lu	0.9739(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁷⁶Lu	0.0261(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	¹⁷⁵Lu	0.974	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁷⁶Lu	0.026	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Descripción

Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl₃ or LuF₃ by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. ¹⁷⁶Lu occurs naturally (2.6%) with ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.4%). It is radioactive with a half-life of about 3 x 10¹⁰ years.

Usuarios

Lutetium is one of the most difficult elements to prepare and has no large scale practical uses, although some of its radioactive isotopes can be used as a catalyst in the cracking of petroleum products and a catalyst in some hydrogenation and polymerization processes.

Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium.

Compounds

See more information at the Lutetium compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
23929	lutetium	Lu	[Lu]	174.9667
185495	lutetium(3+)	Lu+3	[Lu+3]	174.9667
161046	lutetium-177	Lu	[177Lu]	176.94376
167100	lutetium-176	Lu	[176Lu]	175.94269
167366	lutetium-171	Lu	[171Lu]	170.93792
177502	lutetium-174	Lu	[174Lu]	173.94034
177657	lutetium-170	Lu	[170Lu]	169.9385
178165	lutetium-172	Lu	[172Lu]	171.93909
46829796	lutetium-177(3+)	Lu+3	[177Lu+3]	176.94376
167377	lutetium-179	Lu	[179Lu]	178.94733
177429	lutetium-173	Lu	[173Lu]	172.93894
177449	lutetium-178	Lu	[178Lu]	177.94596
177642	lutetium-169	Lu	[169Lu]	168.93765
9898892	lutetium-157	Lu	[157Lu]	156.9501

Handling And Storage

While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available.

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	1

Isotopes in Biology

176Lu (with a half-life of 3.73×1010 years) is used in labeling experiments to quantify absolute protein abundance (absolute quantities of proteins in a cell) and examine the extent of synthesis of proteins under specific biological conditions [500]. 175Lu has been used as a yield tracer in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determination of plutonium in urine [500].

[500] C. Rappel, D. Schaumloöffel. Anal. Chem.81, 385 (2009).

Isotopes in Medicine

177Lu (with a half-life of 160 h) has potential for use as an isotope for radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of small, soft tumors and for imaging purposes (Fig. IUPAC.71.1) [501].

Fig. IUPAC.71.1: Bone scan (on left) and ¹⁷⁷Lu scan (on right) done 10 days apart on a patient with prostate cancer (PC), which metastasized to his bones, and who is being treated with the experimental drug ¹⁷⁷lutetium-labeled J591 (¹⁷⁷Lu-J591). The primary areas of uptake of this drug in the body are in PC metastases, which appear as small dark spots in both sets of scans, and in the liver (the large dark spot in the ¹⁷⁷Lu scans). The location and number of metastases is clearer in the ¹⁷⁷Lu scan than in the bone scan. (Image Source: Bander, Milowsky, Nanus, Kostakoglu, Vallabhajosula and Goldsmith, 2005, © American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved.) [501].

[501] N. H. Bander, M. I. Milowsky, D. M. Nanus, L. Kostakoglu, S. Vallabhajosula, S. J. Goldsmith. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4591 (2005).

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
^175Lu	174.940 777(8)	0.974 14(5)
^176Lu	175.942 692(8)	0.025 86(5)

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
¹⁷⁵Lu	174.9407752(20)	0.97401(13)
¹⁷⁶Lu	175.9426897(20)	0.02599(13)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
¹⁵⁰Lu	149.973407 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	45 ms ± 3	1993	p≈100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁵⁰Lu^m	149.973407 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	40 us ± 7	1998	p=100%
¹⁵¹Lu	150.967471 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	78.4 ms ± 0.9	1982	p=?; β⁺=?
¹⁵¹Lu^m	150.967471 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	16.0 us ± 0.5	1998	p=100%
¹⁵²Lu	151.964120 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	650 ms ± 70	1987	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=15±0.7%
¹⁵³Lu	152.958802248 ± 0.00016105	900 ms ± 200	1989	α=?; β⁺ ?; p=0%
¹⁵³Lu^m	152.958802248 ± 0.00016105	1 s [Estimated]	1997	α ?; β⁺ ?; IT ?; p=0%
¹⁵³Luⁿ	152.958802248 ± 0.00016105	>100 ns	1993	IT=100%
¹⁵³Lu^p	152.958802248 ± 0.00016105	15 us ± 3	1993	IT=100%
¹⁵⁴Lu	153.957416 ± 0.000216 [Estimated]	1 s [Estimated]	1981	β⁺ ?; α ?
¹⁵⁴Lu^m	153.957416 ± 0.000216 [Estimated]	1.12 s ± 0.08	1981	β⁺≈100%; β⁺p=?; β⁺α=?; α ?
¹⁵⁴Luⁿ	153.957416 ± 0.000216 [Estimated]	35 us ± 3	1990	IT=100%
¹⁵⁵Lu	154.954326005 ± 0.00002066	68 ms ± 2	1965	α=90±0.2%; β⁺=10±0.2%
¹⁵⁵Lu^m	154.954326005 ± 0.00002066	138 ms ± 9	1967	α=76±1.6%; β⁺=24±1.6%
¹⁵⁵Luⁿ	154.954326005 ± 0.00002066	2.69 ms ± 0.03	1981	α≈100%; IT ?
¹⁵⁶Lu	155.953086606 ± 0.000058102	494 ms ± 12	1965	α=100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁵⁶Lu^m	155.953086606 ± 0.000058102	198 ms ± 2	1979	α≈100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁵⁶Luⁿ	155.953086606 ± 0.000058102	179 ns ± 4	2018	IT=100%
¹⁵⁷Lu	156.950144807 ± 0.000012961	7.7 s ± 2.0	1977	β⁺ ?; α=?
¹⁵⁷Lu^m	156.950144807 ± 0.000012961	4.79 s ± 0.12	1972	β⁺=92.3±1.9%; α=7.7±1.9%
¹⁵⁸Lu	157.949315620 ± 0.000016236	10.6 s ± 0.3	1979	β⁺=99.09±2%; α=0.91±2%
¹⁵⁹Lu	158.946635615 ± 0.000040433	12.1 s ± 1.0	1980	β⁺≈100%; α= ?
¹⁵⁹Lu^m	158.946635615 ± 0.000040433	10 s [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; IT ?; α ?
¹⁶⁰Lu	159.946033000 ± 0.000061	36.1 s ± 0.3	1979	β⁺=100%; α ?
¹⁶⁰Lu^m	159.946033000 ± 0.000061	40 s ± 1	1980	β⁺≈100%; α ?
¹⁶¹Lu	160.943572000 ± 0.00003	77 s ± 2	1973	β⁺=100%
¹⁶¹Lu^m	160.943572000 ± 0.00003	7.3 ms ± 0.4	1973	IT≈100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁶²Lu	161.943282776 ± 0.000080554	1.37 m ± 0.02	1978	β⁺=100%
¹⁶²Lu^m	161.943282776 ± 0.000080554	1.5 m	1980	β⁺≈100%; IT ?
¹⁶²Luⁿ	161.943282776 ± 0.000080554	1.9 m	1980	β⁺ ?; IT ?
¹⁶³Lu	162.941179000 ± 0.00003	3.97 m ± 0.13	1979	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁴Lu	163.941339000 ± 0.00003	3.14 m ± 0.03	1977	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁵Lu	164.939406758 ± 0.00002849	10.74 m ± 0.10	1973	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁶Lu	165.939859000 ± 0.000032	2.65 m ± 0.10	1969	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁶Lu^m	165.939859000 ± 0.000032	1.41 m ± 0.10	1974	β⁺=58±0.5%; IT=42±0.5%
¹⁶⁶Luⁿ	165.939859000 ± 0.000032	2.12 m ± 0.10	1974	β⁺=90±0.6%; IT ?
¹⁶⁷Lu	166.938243000 ± 0.00004	51.5 m ± 1.0	1958	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁷Lu^m	166.938243000 ± 0.00004	>1 m	1998	IT ?; β⁺ ?
¹⁶⁸Lu	167.938729798 ± 0.000040766	5.5 m ± 0.1	1960	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁸Lu^m	167.938729798 ± 0.000040766	6.7 m ± 0.4	1960	β⁺≈100%; IT ?
¹⁶⁹Lu	168.937645845 ± 0.000003226	34.06 h ± 0.05	1955	β⁺=100%
¹⁶⁹Lu^m	168.937645845 ± 0.000003226	160 s ± 10	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷⁰Lu	169.938479230 ± 0.000018081	2.012 d ± 0.030	1951	β⁺=100%
¹⁷⁰Lu^m	169.938479230 ± 0.000018081	670 ms ± 100	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷¹Lu	170.937918591 ± 0.000001999	8.247 d ± 0.023	1951	β⁺=100%
¹⁷¹Lu^m	170.937918591 ± 0.000001999	79 s ± 2	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷²Lu	171.939091320 ± 0.000002507	6.70 d ± 0.03	1951	β⁺=100%
¹⁷²Lu^m	171.939091320 ± 0.000002507	3.7 m ± 0.5	1962	IT=100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁷²Luⁿ	171.939091320 ± 0.000002507	332 ns ± 20	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷²Lu^p	171.939091320 ± 0.000002507	440 us ± 12	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷²Lu^q	171.939091320 ± 0.000002507	150 ns	1974	IT=100%
¹⁷³Lu	172.938935722 ± 0.000001682	1.37 y ± 0.01	1951	ε=100%
¹⁷³Lu^m	172.938935722 ± 0.000001682	74.2 us ± 1.0	1962	IT=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	3.31 y ± 0.05	1951	β⁺=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu^m	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	142 d ± 2	1960	IT=99.38±0.2%; ε=0.62±0.2%
¹⁷⁴Luⁿ	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	395 ns ± 15	1980	IT=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu^p	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	145 ns ± 3	1980	IT=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu^q	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	194 ns ± 24	2009	IT=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu^r	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	97 ns ± 10	2009	IT=100%
¹⁷⁴Lu^x	173.940342840 ± 0.000001682	242 ns ± 19	2009	IT=100%
¹⁷⁵Lu	174.940777211 ± 0.000001295	Stable	1934	IS=97.401±1.3%
¹⁷⁵Lu^m	174.940777211 ± 0.000001295	1.49 us ± 0.07	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷⁵Luⁿ	174.940777211 ± 0.000001295	984 us ± 30	1998	IT=100%
¹⁷⁶Lu	175.942691711 ± 0.000001301	37.01 Gy ± 0.17	1935	IS=2.599±1.3%; β^-=100%; β⁺=0.45±2.6%
¹⁷⁶Lu^m	175.942691711 ± 0.000001301	3.664 h ± 0.019	1935	β^-≈100%; ε=0.095±1.6%
¹⁷⁶Luⁿ	175.942691711 ± 0.000001301	312 ns ± 69	2000	IT=100%
¹⁷⁶Lu^p	175.942691711 ± 0.000001301	40 us ± 3	2000	IT=100%
¹⁷⁷Lu	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	6.6443 d ± 0.0009	1945	β^-=100%
¹⁷⁷Lu^m	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	130.1 ns ± 2.4	1949	IT=100%
¹⁷⁷Luⁿ	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	155 us ± 7	1965	IT=100%
¹⁷⁷Lu^p	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	160.4 d ± 0.3	1962	β^-=77.30±0.8%; IT=22.70±0.8%
¹⁷⁷Lu^q	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	625 ns ± 62	2004	IT=100%
¹⁷⁷Lu^r	176.943763570 ± 0.00000131	6 us ± 2	2003	IT=100%
¹⁷⁸Lu	177.945960065 ± 0.000002416	28.4 m ± 0.2	1957	β^-=100%
¹⁷⁸Lu^m	177.945960065 ± 0.000002416	23.1 m ± 0.3	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁷⁹Lu	178.947332985 ± 0.000005528	4.59 h ± 0.06	1961	β^-=100%
¹⁷⁹Lu^m	178.947332985 ± 0.000005528	3.1 ms ± 0.9	1982	IT=100%
¹⁸⁰Lu	179.949890744 ± 0.000075926	5.7 m ± 0.1	1971	β^-=100%
¹⁸⁰Lu^m	179.949890744 ± 0.000075926	~1 s	1995	IT ?; β^- ?
¹⁸⁰Luⁿ	179.949890744 ± 0.000075926	>1 ms	2001	IT=100%
¹⁸¹Lu	180.951908000 ± 0.000135	3.5 m ± 0.3	1982	β^-=100%
¹⁸²Lu	181.955158 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	2.0 m ± 0.2	1982	β^-=100%
¹⁸³Lu	182.957363000 ± 0.000086	58 s ± 4	1983	β^-=100%
¹⁸⁴Lu	183.961030 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	20 s ± 3	1989	β^-=100%
¹⁸⁵Lu	184.963542 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	20 s >300ns [Estimated]	2009	β^- ?
¹⁸⁶Lu	185.967450 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	6 s >300ns [Estimated]	2012	β^- ?; β^-n ?
¹⁸⁷Lu	186.970188 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	7 s >300ns [Estimated]	2012	β^- ?
¹⁸⁸Lu	187.974428 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	1 s >300ns [Estimated]	2012	β^- ?; β^-n ?

Fuentes de información

1. PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

LICENSE
https://www-nds.iaea.org/disclaimer.html

Lu
https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
3. IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

LICENSE
http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm

Lutetium
https://www.ciaaw.org/lutetium.htm
4. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
Please see citation and linking information https https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice

Lutetium
https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele071.html
5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
https://about.lanl.gov/lanl-resources/web-policies/

Lutetium
https://periodic.lanl.gov/71.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

LICENSE
https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer

Lutetium
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=71
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements

LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html

Lutetium

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