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Periodic Table
Periodic

Samarium

View products including Samarium ➡︎

Samarium

Atomic Mass	150.36
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f6
Estados de oxidación	+3, +2
Año Descubrido	1879

Samarium

Atomic Mass	150.36
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f6
Estados de oxidación	+3, +2
Año Descubrido	1879

Identifiers

Element Name	Samarium
Element Symbol	Sm
InChI	InChI=1S/Sm
InChIKey	KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Propiedades

Atomic Weight	150.36(2) 150.36 150.4 150.36(2)
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s²4f⁶
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius : 229 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius : 185pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius : 198(8) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3, +2 4, 3, 2, 1 (a mildly basic oxide)
Ground Level	⁷F₀
Ionization Energy	5.644 eV 5.643722 ± 0.000021 eV
Electronegativity	Pauling Scale Electronegativity : 1.17(Pauling Scale)
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	6
Element Group Number	- Lanthanide
Density	7.52 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	1347 K (1074°C or 1965°F) 1072°C
Boiling Point	2067 K (1794°C or 3261°F) 1900°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	7.05 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	4.5×10^-7 milligrams per liter

Historia

The name derives from the mineral samarskite, in which it was found and that had been named for Colonel Samarski, a Russian mine official. Samarium was originally discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine, who called it decipium. It was also discovered by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. In 1881, Delafontaine determined that his decipium could be resolved into two elements, one of which was identical to Boisbaudran's samarium. In 1901, the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay showed that this samarium earth also contained europium.

Samarium was observed spectroscopically by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, in a material known as dydimia in 1853. Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a French chemist, was the first to isolate samarium from the mineral samarskite ((Y, Ce, U, Fe)3(Nb, Ta, Ti)5O16) in 1879. Today, samarium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 2.8% samarium.

Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
2005	150.36(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200678112051
1979	150.36(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1969	150.4(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1955	150.35	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01595a001
1925	150.43	https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9252700913
1909	150.4	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001
1905	150.3	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01979a001
1902	150	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370337

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2013	¹⁴⁴Sm	0.0308(4)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁴⁷Sm	0.1500(14)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁴⁸Sm	0.1125(9)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁴⁹Sm	0.1382(10)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁵⁰Sm	0.0737(9)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁵²Sm	0.2674(9)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹⁵⁴Sm	0.2274(14)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
1997	¹⁴⁴Sm	0.0307(7)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁴⁷Sm	0.1499(18)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁴⁸Sm	0.1124(10)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁴⁹Sm	0.1382(7)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁵⁰Sm	0.0738(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁵²Sm	0.2675(16)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁵⁴Sm	0.2275(29)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1979	¹⁴⁴Sm	0.031(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁴⁷Sm	0.151(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁴⁸Sm	0.113(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁴⁹Sm	0.139(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁵⁰Sm	0.074(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁵²Sm	0.266(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁵⁴Sm	0.226(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	¹⁴⁴Sm	0.031	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁴⁷Sm	0.151	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁴⁸Sm	0.113	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁴⁹Sm	0.139	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁵⁰Sm	0.074	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁵²Sm	0.266	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁵⁴Sm	0.226	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Descripción

Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C.

Usuarios

Samarium is one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Samarium also makes up about 1% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.

Samarium forms a compound with cobalt (SmCo5) which is a powerful permanent magnet with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any material known. Samarium oxide (Sm2O3) is added to glass to absorb infrared radiation and acts as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol (C2H6O).

Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystal for use in optical lasers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.

Sources

Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recently. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with lanthanum.

Compounds

See more information at the Samarium compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
23951	samarium	Sm	[Sm]	150.4
114941	samarium-153	Sm	[153Sm]	152.92210
119249	samarium(3+)	Sm+3	[Sm+3]	150.4
177480	samarium-154	Sm	[154Sm]	153.92222
177554	samarium-145	Sm	[145Sm]	144.91342
9877421	samarium-152	Sm	[152Sm]	151.91974
25087174	samarium-147	Sm	[147Sm]	146.91490
44154635	samarium-146	Sm	[146Sm]	145.91305
114939	samarium-151	Sm	[151Sm]	150.91994
177498	samarium-150	Sm	[150Sm]	149.91728
177673	samarium-156	Sm	[156Sm]	155.92554
10197772	samarium-149	Sm	[149Sm]	148.91719
25086834	samarium-144	Sm	[144Sm]	143.91201
167086	samarium-155	Sm	[155Sm]	154.92465
177495	samarium-141	Sm	[141Sm]	140.91848
177629	samarium-142	Sm	[142Sm]	141.91521
90478796	samarium-152(3+)	Sm+3	[152Sm+3]	151.91974
90479421	samarium-153(3+)	Sm+3	[153Sm+3]	152.92210
25086833	samarium-148	Sm	[148Sm]	147.91483
10103390	samarium-157	Sm	[157Sm]	156.92842

Handling And Storage

Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully.

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	5
Summary	Twenty one isotopes of samarium exist. Natural samarium is a mixture of several isotopes, three of which are unstable with long half-lives.

Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science

One possible origin for the Moon is from debris ejected by an indirect giant impact of Earth by an astronomical body the size of Mars when the Earth was forming [436]. The kinetic energy liberated is thought to have melted a large part of the Moon forming a lunar magma ocean. Samarium isotope measurement results [437], along with measurements of isotopes of hafnium, tungsten, and neodymium[438], suggest that lunar magma formed about 70×106 years after the Solar System formed and had crystallized by about 215×106 years after formation. 147Sm (with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years) is used to study the formation of potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus-rich rocks [439].

[436] R. M. Canup, E. Asphaug. Nature412, 708 (2001).

[437] A. Brandon. Nature450, 1169 (2007).

[438] K. Righter, C. K. Shearer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta67, 2497 (2003).

[439] J. Edmunson, L. E. Borg. “The formation age of KREEP based on the 147Sm-143Nd geochemistry of KREEP-rich rocks: duration of lunar magma ocean crystallization and similarity to early mars”, in Workshop on Early Planetary Differentiation.

Isotopes in Geochronology

147Sm is used for determining formation ages of igneous and metamorphic rocks via analysis of the minerals which compose them, such as those shown in Fig. IUPAC.62.1 [440], [441], [442].

Fig. IUPAC.62.1: Cross plot of n(¹⁴³Nd)/n(¹⁴⁴Nd) isotope-amount ratio and n(¹⁴⁷Sm)/n(¹⁴⁴Nd) amount ratio of carbonate and fluorocarbonates at the Bayan Obo rare-earth-element-niobium-iron deposit in Inner Mongolia, China (modified from [442]). ¹⁴³Nd is produced by decay of ¹⁴⁷Sm. Rock containing higher amounts of ¹⁴⁷Sm at time of mineralization will over time produce higher amounts of ¹⁴³Nd (e.g. fluorite samples). Alternatively, rocks containing lower amounts of ¹⁴⁷Sm at time of mineralization will over time produce lower amounts of ¹⁴³Nd (e.g. huanghoite samples). Samples from an older mineralization event will have proportionally more ¹⁴³Nd because of the longer accumulation time for ¹⁴³Nd; thus, the slope of the line through the samples above correlates to the time since mineralization (formation), and such a line is called an isochron.

[440] T. Iizuka, O. Nebel, M. McCulloch. Early Crustal Evolution Deduced from a Combined U-Pb and Sm-Nd Isotopic Study of Mt. Narryer and Jack Hills Monazites, The Australian National University (2014), Feb. 28; http://rses.anu.edu.au/highlights/view.php?article=191.

[441] K. Rankenburg, A. D. Brandon, C. R. Neal. Science312 1369 (2006).

[442] F. F. Hu, H. R. Fan, S. Liu, K. F. Yang, F. Chen. Resour. Geol.59, 407 (2009).

Isotopes in Medicine

The radioisotope 153Sm (with a half-life of 1.9 days) is used in medicine to treat the severe pain associated with cancer that has spread to bones (Fig. IUPAC.62.2) [443], [444], [445].

Fig. IUPAC.62.2: Targeting of bone metastases with ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP in a prostate cancer patient. ANT indicates the anterior view of the patient; POST indicates the posterior view of the patient; arrow represents uptake in the pubic bone of the patient. (Image Source: Pandit-Taskar, Batraki, and Divgi, 2004) [445].

[443] International Atomic Energy Agency. Optimization of Production and Quality Control of Therapeutic Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals, IAEA-TECDOC-1114, IAEA VIENNA (1999).

[444] C. L. Maini, S. Bergomi, L. Romano, R. Sciuto. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging31, S171 (2004).

[445] N. Pandit-Taskar, M. Batraki, C. R. Divgi. J. Nucl. Med.45, 1358 (2004).

Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)

147Sm bombarded with 40Ca produces the radioisotope 182Pb [446].

[446] K. S. Toth, D. M. Moltz, J. M. Nitschke, P. A. Wilmarth, J. D. Robertson. AIP Conference Proc.283, 347 (1991).

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
¹⁴⁴Sm	143.912 01(1)	0.0308(4)	0.0307(7)
¹⁴⁷Sm	146.914 90(1)	0.1500(14)	0.1499(18)
¹⁴⁸Sm	147.914 83(1)	0.1125(9)	0.1124(10)
¹⁴⁹Sm	148.917 191(9)	0.1382(10)	0.1382(7)
¹⁵⁰Sm	149.917 282(9)	0.0737(9)	0.0738(1)
¹⁵²Sm	151.919 739(8)	0.2674(9)	0.2675(16)
¹⁵⁴Sm	153.922 22(1)	0.2274(14)	0.2275(29)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
¹²⁸Sm	127.957971 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	500 ms [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹²⁹Sm	128.954557 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	550 ms ± 100	1999	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹³⁰Sm	129.948792 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	1 s [Estimated]	1999	β⁺ ?
¹³¹Sm	130.946022 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	1.2 s ± 0.2	1986	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹³²Sm	131.940805 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	4.0 s ± 0.3	1989	β⁺=100%; β⁺p ?
¹³³Sm	132.938560 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	2.89 s ± 0.16	1977	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹³³Sm^m	132.938560 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	3.5 s ± 0.4	1993	β⁺=?; IT ?; β⁺p ?
¹³⁴Sm	133.934110 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	9.5 s ± 0.8	1977	β⁺=100%
¹³⁵Sm	134.932520000 ± 0.000166	10.3 s ± 0.5	1977	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=0.02±0.1%
¹³⁶Sm	135.928275553 ± 0.000013416	47 s ± 2	1982	β⁺=100%
¹³⁶Sm^m	135.928275553 ± 0.000013416	15 us ± 1	1994	IT=100%
¹³⁷Sm	136.927007959 ± 0.000030718	45 s ± 1	1986	β⁺=100%
¹³⁷Sm^m	136.927007959 ± 0.000030718	20 s [Estimated]		β⁺ ?
¹³⁸Sm	137.923243988 ± 0.000012686	3.1 m ± 0.2	1982	β⁺=100%
¹³⁹Sm	138.922296631 ± 0.000011684	2.57 m ± 0.10	1971	β⁺=100%
¹³⁹Sm^m	138.922296631 ± 0.000011684	10.7 s ± 0.6	1973	IT=93.7±0.5%; β⁺=6.3±0.5%
¹⁴⁰Sm	139.918994714 ± 0.000013416	14.82 m ± 0.12	1967	β⁺=100%
¹⁴¹Sm	140.918481545 ± 0.000009162	10.2 m ± 0.2	1967	β⁺=100%
¹⁴¹Sm^m	140.918481545 ± 0.000009162	22.6 m ± 0.2	1967	β⁺=99.69±0.3%; IT=0.31±0.3%
¹⁴²Sm	141.915209415 ± 0.000002002	72.49 m ± 0.05	1959	β⁺=100%; e⁺<5%
¹⁴²Sm^m	141.915209415 ± 0.000002002	170 ns ± 2	1975	IT=100%
¹⁴²Smⁿ	141.915209415 ± 0.000002002	480 ns ± 60	1979	IT=100%
¹⁴³Sm	142.914634848 ± 0.000002951	8.75 m ± 0.06	1956	β⁺=100%; e⁺=40.0±2%; ε=60.0±2%
¹⁴³Sm^m	142.914634848 ± 0.000002951	66 s ± 2	1960	IT≈100%; β⁺=0.24±0.5%
¹⁴³Smⁿ	142.914634848 ± 0.000002951	30 ms ± 3	1969	IT=100%
¹⁴⁴Sm	143.912006285 ± 0.000001566	Stable	1933	IS=3.08±0.4%; 2β⁺ ?
¹⁴⁴Sm^m	143.912006285 ± 0.000001566	880 ns ± 25	1972	IT=100%
¹⁴⁵Sm	144.913417157 ± 0.000001594	340 d ± 3	1947	ε=100%
¹⁴⁵Sm^m	144.913417157 ± 0.000001594	3.52 us ± 0.16	1993	IT=100%
¹⁴⁶Sm	145.913046835 ± 0.000003269	68 My ± 7	1953	α=100%
¹⁴⁷Sm	146.914904401 ± 0.000001354	106.6 Gy ± 0.5	1933	IS=15.00±1.4%; α=100%
¹⁴⁸Sm	147.914829233 ± 0.000001337	6.3 Py ± 1.3	1933	IS=11.25±0.9%; α=100%
¹⁴⁹Sm	148.917191211 ± 0.000001241	Stable >2Py	1933	IS=13.82±1%; α ?
¹⁵⁰Sm	149.917281993 ± 0.000001193	Stable	1934	IS=7.37±0.9%
¹⁵¹Sm	150.919938859 ± 0.000001191	94.6 y ± 0.6	1947	β^-=100%
¹⁵¹Sm^m	150.919938859 ± 0.000001191	1.4 us ± 0.1	1973	IT=100%
¹⁵²Sm	151.919738646 ± 0.00000109	Stable	1933	IS=26.74±0.9%
¹⁵³Sm	152.922103576 ± 0.0000011	46.2846 h ± 0.0023	1938	β^-=100%
¹⁵³Sm^m	152.922103576 ± 0.0000011	10.6 ms ± 0.3	1971	IT=100%
¹⁵⁴Sm	153.922215756 ± 0.0000014	Stable >2.3Ey	1933	IS=22.74±1.4%; 2β^- ?
¹⁵⁵Sm	154.924646645 ± 0.000001429	22.18 m ± 0.06	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁵Sm^m	154.924646645 ± 0.000001429	2.8 us ± 0.5	2010	IT=100%
¹⁵⁵Smⁿ	154.924646645 ± 0.000001429	1.00 us ± 0.08	2010	IT=100%
¹⁵⁶Sm	155.925538191 ± 0.000009148	9.4 h ± 0.2	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁶Sm^m	155.925538191 ± 0.000009148	185 ns ± 7	1974	IT=100%
¹⁵⁷Sm	156.928418598 ± 0.000004759	8.03 m ± 0.07	1973	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁸Sm	157.929949262 ± 0.000005133	5.30 m ± 0.03	1970	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁹Sm	158.933217130 ± 0.00000637	11.37 s ± 0.15	1986	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁹Sm^m	158.933217130 ± 0.00000637	116 ns ± 8	2009	IT=100%
¹⁶⁰Sm	159.935337032 ± 0.0000021	9.6 s ± 0.3	1986	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁰Sm^m	159.935337032 ± 0.0000021	120 ns ± 46	2009	IT=100%
¹⁶⁰Smⁿ	159.935337032 ± 0.0000021	1.8 us ± 0.4	2016	IT=100%
¹⁶¹Sm	160.939160062 ± 0.000007318	4.8 s ± 0.4	1998	β^-=100%
¹⁶¹Sm^m	160.939160062 ± 0.000007318	2.6 us ± 0.4	2017	IT=100%
¹⁶²Sm	161.941621687 ± 0.000003782	2.7 s ± 0.3	2005	β^-=100%
¹⁶²Sm^m	161.941621687 ± 0.000003782	1.78 us ± 0.07	2017	IT=100%
¹⁶³Sm	162.945679085 ± 0.0000079	1.3 s ± 0.5	2012	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁴Sm	163.948550061 ± 0.0000044	1.43 s ± 0.24	2012	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁴Sm^m	163.948550061 ± 0.0000044	600 ns ± 140	2014	IT=100%
¹⁶⁵Sm	164.953290 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	980 ms ± 210	2012	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁶Sm	165.956575 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	800 ms ± 630	2017	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁷Sm	166.962072 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	190 ms >550ns [Estimated]	2018	β^- ?; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁸Sm	167.966033 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	340 ms >550ns [Estimated]	2018	β^- ?; β^-n ?

Fuentes de información

1. PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

LICENSE
https://www-nds.iaea.org/disclaimer.html

Sm
https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
3. IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

LICENSE
http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm

Samarium
https://www.ciaaw.org/samarium.htm
4. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
Please see citation and linking information https https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice

Samarium
https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html
5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
https://about.lanl.gov/lanl-resources/web-policies/

Samarium
https://periodic.lanl.gov/62.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

LICENSE
https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer

Samarium
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=62
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements

LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html

Samarium

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