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Periodic Table
Periodic

Lanthanum

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Lanthanum

Atomic Mass	138.90547
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s25d1
Estados de oxidación	+3
Año Descubrido	1839

Lanthanum

Atomic Mass	138.90547
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s25d1
Estados de oxidación	+3
Año Descubrido	1839

Identifiers

Element Name	Lanthanum
Element Symbol	La
InChI	InChI=1S/La
InChIKey	FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Propiedades

Atomic Weight	138.905 47(7) 138.90547 138.9 138.90547(7)
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s²5d¹
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius : 240 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius : 195pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius : 207(8) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3 3, 2, 1 (a strongly basic oxide)
Ground Level	²D_3/2
Ionization Energy	5.577 eV 5.5769 ± 0.0006 eV
Electronegativity	Pauling Scale Electronegativity : 1.1(Pauling Scale)
Electron Affinity	0.5eV 0.55eV
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	6
Element Group Number	- Lanthanide
Density	6.15 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	1191 K (918°C or 1684°F) 920°C
Boiling Point	3737 K (3464°C or 6267°F) 3464°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	3.9×10¹ milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	3.4×10^-6 milligrams per liter

Historia

The name derives from the Greek lanthanein for "to be hidden" or "to escape notice" because it hid in cerium ore and was difficult to separate from that rare earth mineral. Lanthanum was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1839. In 1842, Mosander separated his lanthanium sample into two oxides; for one of these he retained the name lanthanum and for the other he gave the name didymium (or twin).

Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, in 1839. Mosander was searching for impurities he believed existed within samples of cerium. He treated cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3) with dilute nitric acid (HNO3) and found a new substance he named lanthana (La2O3). Roughly 0.0018% of the earth's crust is composed of lanthanum. Today, lanthanum is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 25% lanthanum.

From the Greek word lanthanein, to escape notice. Mosander in 1839 extracted lanthana from impure cerium nitrate and recognized the new element.

Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Iron exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called "rare-earth" elements.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
2005	138.905 47(7)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200678112051
1985	138.9055(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198658121677
1969	138.9055(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1961	138.91	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00881a001
1933	138.92	https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9330000354
1925	138.90	https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9252700913
1909	139.0	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001
1903	138.9	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02003a001
1902	138	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370337

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2009	¹³⁸La	0.000 8881(71)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02
2009	¹³⁹La	0.999 1119(71)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02
1997	¹³⁸La	0.000 90(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹³⁹La	0.999 10(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1989	¹³⁸La	0.000 902(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1989	¹³⁹La	0.999 098(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1983	¹³⁸La	0.0009(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198456060675
1983	¹³⁹La	0.9991(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198456060675
1979	¹³⁸La	0.0009(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹³⁹La	0.9991(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	¹³⁸La	0.0009	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹³⁹La	0.9991	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Descripción

Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, while hot water attacks it much more rapidly.

The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens.

At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure.

Usuarios

Lanthanum is one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Lanthanum also makes up about 25% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Lanthana (La2O3) is used to make the glass used in camera lenses and in other special glasses.

Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25 percent of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron.

There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Every time they take up the gas, heat energy is released; therefore these alloys have possibilities in an energy conservation system.

Sources

Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 percent and 38 percent respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25 percent lanthanum.

The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium.

Compounds

See more information at the Lanthanum compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
23926	lanthanum	La	[La]	138.9055
104897	lanthanum(3+)	La+3	[La+3]	138.9055
104882	lanthanum-140	La	[140La]	139.909487
177558	lanthanum-132	La	[132La]	131.9101
177686	lanthanum-135	La	[135La]	134.9070
42626465	lanthanum-139	La	[139La]	138.906363
177483	lanthanum-137	La	[137La]	136.90645
177641	lanthanum-131	La	[131La]	130.9101
177687	lanthanum-138	La	[138La]	137.907124
177688	lanthanum-141	La	[141La]	140.91097
177689	lanthanum-142	La	[142La]	141.91409
177777	lanthanum-143	La	[143La]	142.91608
44154720	lanthanum-134	La	[134La]	133.9085

Handling And Storage

Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them.

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	1
Summary	Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two stable isotopes, 138La and 139La. Twenty three other radioactive isotopes are recognized.

Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science

Studies have shown that 138La (with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years) can be used along with 138Ce and 136Ce to measure time elapsed from a supernova explosion producing large numbers of neutrinos [415].

[415] T. Hayakawa, T. Shizuma, T. Kajino, K. Ogawa, H. Nakada. Am. Phys. Soc.77, (2008).

Isotopes in Geochronology

138La decays to 138Ce and 138Ba, respectively, by beta decay with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years and by electron capture with a half-life of 1.56×1011 years. The isotope-amount ratio n(138Ce)/n(142Ce) has been used for dating rocks on long time scales (billions of years) and as a chemical tracer in geochemistry [416]. The increase in radiogenic 138Ba in rocks enriched in rare earth elements, such as allanite, enables one to determine the age of such rocks (Fig. IUPAC.57.1) [417].

Fig. IUPAC.57.1: Cross plot of the isotope-amount ratio n(¹³⁸Ba)/n(¹³⁷Ba) and the amount ratio n(¹³⁸La)/n(¹³⁷Ba) in rocks and minerals from Amîtsoq, West Greenland, which yield an age of 2.408×10⁹ years [417].

[416] T. Hayashi, M. Tanimizu, T. Tanaka. Precambrian Res.135, 345 (2004).

[417] S. Nakai, H. Shimizu, A. Masuda. Nature320, 433 (1986).

Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)

139La is used for the production of the medical radioisotope 139Ce via the 139La (p, n) 139Ce reaction [418].

[418] H. Aglan, S. A. Kandil, H. A. Hanafi, M. A. Mousa, Z. A. Saleh. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.280, 533 (2009).

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
^138La	137.907 12(2)	0.000 8881(71)
^139La	138.906 36(2)	0.999 1119(71)

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
¹³⁸La	137.9071149(37)	0.0008881(71)
¹³⁹La	138.9063563(24)	0.9991119(71)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
¹¹⁶La	115.957005 ± 0.000345 [Estimated]	10 ms [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?; p ?
¹¹⁷La	116.950326 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	21.7 ms ± 1.8	2001	p≈100%; β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹¹⁷La^m	116.950326 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	10 ms ± 5
¹¹⁸La	117.946731 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	200 ms [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹¹⁹La	118.940934 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	1 s [Estimated]		β⁺ ?
¹²⁰La	119.938196 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	2.8 s ± 0.2	1984	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹²¹La	120.933236 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	5.3 s ± 0.2	1988	β⁺=100%; β⁺p ?
¹²²La	121.930710 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	8.6 s ± 0.5	1984	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹²³La	122.926300 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	17 s ± 3	1978	β⁺=100%
¹²⁴La	123.924574275 ± 0.000060836	29.21 s ± 0.17	1978	β⁺=100%
¹²⁴La^m	123.924574275 ± 0.000060836	21 s ± 4	1992	β⁺=100%
¹²⁵La	124.920815931 ± 0.000027909	64.8 s ± 1.2	1973	β⁺=100%
¹²⁵La^m	124.920815931 ± 0.000027909	390 ms ± 40	1998	IT=100%
¹²⁶La	125.919512667 ± 0.000097163	54 s ± 2	1961	β⁺=100%
¹²⁶La^m	125.919512667 ± 0.000097163	20 s ± 20	1997	β⁺=100%
¹²⁷La	126.916375083 ± 0.000027912	5.1 m ± 0.1	1963	β⁺=100%
¹²⁷La^m	126.916375083 ± 0.000027912	3.7 m ± 0.4	1963	β⁺≈100%
¹²⁸La	127.915592123 ± 0.000058452	5.18 m ± 0.14	1961	β⁺=100%
¹²⁸La^m	127.915592123 ± 0.000058452	<1.4 m	1995	β⁺=100%; IT ?
¹²⁹La	128.912695592 ± 0.000022913	11.6 m ± 0.2	1963	β⁺=100%
¹²⁹La^m	128.912695592 ± 0.000022913	560 ms ± 50	1969	IT=100%
¹³⁰La	129.912369413 ± 0.000027854	8.7 m ± 0.1	1961	β⁺=100%
¹³⁰La^m	129.912369413 ± 0.000027854	742 ns ± 28	2012	IT=100%
¹³¹La	130.910070000 ± 0.00003	59 m ± 2	1951	β⁺=100%
¹³¹La^m	130.910070000 ± 0.00003	170 us ± 7	1966	IT=100%
¹³²La	131.910119047 ± 0.000039032	4.59 h ± 0.04	1951	β⁺=100%
¹³²La^m	131.910119047 ± 0.000039032	24.3 m ± 0.5	1969	IT=76%; β⁺=24%
¹³³La	132.908218000 ± 0.00003	3.912 h ± 0.008	1950	β⁺=100%
¹³⁴La	133.908514011 ± 0.000021395	6.45 m ± 0.16	1951	β⁺=100%
¹³⁴La^m	133.908514011 ± 0.000021395	29 us ± 4	1985	IT=100%
¹³⁵La	134.906984427 ± 0.000010126	18.91 h ± 0.02	1948	β⁺=100%
¹³⁶La	135.907634962 ± 0.000057081	9.87 m ± 0.03	1950	β⁺=100%
¹³⁶La^m	135.907634962 ± 0.000057081	114 ms ± 5	1966	IT=100%
¹³⁶Laⁿ	135.907634962 ± 0.000057081	187 ns ± 27	2015	IT=100%
¹³⁷La	136.906450438 ± 0.00000176	60 ky ± 20	1948	ε=100%
¹³⁷La^m	136.906450438 ± 0.00000176	342 ns ± 25	1982	IT=100%
¹³⁸La	137.907124041 ± 0.000000446	103 Gy ± 1	1947	IS=0.08881±7.1%; β⁺=65.5±0.4%; β^-=34.5±0.4%
¹³⁸La^m	137.907124041 ± 0.000000446	116 ns ± 5	1975	IT=100%
¹³⁸Laⁿ	137.907124041 ± 0.000000446	2.0 us ± 0.3	2014	IT=100%
¹³⁹La	138.906362927 ± 0.000000651	Stable	1924	IS=99.91119±7.1%
¹³⁹La^m	138.906362927 ± 0.000000651	315 ns ± 35	2012	IT=100%
¹⁴⁰La	139.909487285 ± 0.000000651	40.289 h ± 0.004	1935	β^-=100%
¹⁴¹La	140.910971155 ± 0.00000443	3.92 h ± 0.03	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁴²La	141.914090760 ± 0.000006748	91.1 m ± 0.5	1953	β^-=100%
¹⁴²La^m	141.914090760 ± 0.000006748	870 ns ± 170	1983	IT=100%
¹⁴³La	142.916079482 ± 0.000007868	14.2 m ± 0.1	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁴⁴La	143.919645589 ± 0.000013888	44.0 s ± 0.7	1967	β^-=100%
¹⁴⁵La	144.921808065 ± 0.00001317	24.8 s ± 2.0	1974	β^-=100%
¹⁴⁶La	145.925688017 ± 0.000001797	9.9 s ± 0.1	1970	β^-=100%
¹⁴⁶La^m	145.925688017 ± 0.000001797	6.08 s ± 0.22	1969	β^-=100%
¹⁴⁷La	146.928417800 ± 0.0000115	4.026 s ± 0.020	1979	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.041±0.3%
¹⁴⁸La	147.932679400 ± 0.0000209	1.414 s ± 0.025	1969	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.18±0.7%
¹⁴⁹La	148.935351259 ± 0.00021499	1.071 s ± 0.022	1979	β^-=100%; β^-n=1.43±2.8%
¹⁵⁰La	149.939547500 ± 0.0000027	504 ms ± 15	1993	β^-=100%; β^-n=2.7±0.3%
¹⁵¹La	150.942769000 ± 0.0004675	465 ms ± 24	1994	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁵²La	151.947085 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	287 ms ± 16	1994	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁵³La	152.950553 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	245 ms ± 18	1994	β^-=100%; β^-n ?; β^-2n ?
¹⁵⁴La	153.955416 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	161 ms ± 15	2017	β^-=100%; β^-n ?; β^-2n ?
¹⁵⁵La	154.959280 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	101 ms ± 28	2016	β^-=100%; β^-n ?; β^-2n ?
¹⁵⁶La	155.964519 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	84 ms ± 78	2017	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁵⁷La	156.968792 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	30 ms >550ns [Estimated]	2018	β^- ?; β^-n ?

Fuentes de información

1. PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

LICENSE
https://www-nds.iaea.org/disclaimer.html

La
https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
3. IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

LICENSE
http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm

Lanthanum
https://www.ciaaw.org/lanthanum.htm
4. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
Please see citation and linking information https https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice

Lanthanum
https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele057.html
5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
https://about.lanl.gov/lanl-resources/web-policies/

Lanthanum
https://periodic.lanl.gov/57.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

LICENSE
https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer

Lanthanum
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=57
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements

LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html

Lanthanum

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