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Periodic Table
Periodic

Europium

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Europium

Atomic Mass	151.964
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f7
Estados de oxidación	+3, +2
Año Descubrido	1901

Europium

Atomic Mass	151.964
Configuración de electrones	[Xe]6s24f7
Estados de oxidación	+3, +2
Año Descubrido	1901

Identifiers

Element Name	Europium
Element Symbol	Eu
InChI	InChI=1S/Eu
InChIKey	OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Propiedades

Atomic Weight	151.964(1) 151.964 152.0 151.964(1)
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s²4f⁷
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius : 233 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius : 185pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius : 198(6) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3, +2 3, 2, 1 (a mildly basic oxide)
Ground Level	⁸S°_7/2
Ionization Energy	5.670 eV 5.670385 ± 0.000005 eV
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	6
Element Group Number	- Lanthanide
Density	5.24 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	1095 K (822°C or 1512°F) 826°C
Boiling Point	1802 K (1529°C or 2784°F) 1529°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	2.0 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	1.3×10^-7 milligrams per liter

Historia

The name derives from the continent of Europe. It was separated from the mineral samaria in magnesium- samarium nitrate by the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1896. It was also first isolated by Demarçay in 1901.

Europium was discovered by Eugène-Antole Demarçay, a French chemist, in 1896. Demarçay suspected that samples of a recently discovered element, samarium, were contaminated with an unknown element. He was able to produce reasonably pure europium in 1901. Today, europium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.

Named after Europe. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
1995	151.964(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668122339
1985	151.965(9)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198658121677
1969	151.96(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1961	151.96	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00881a001
1909	152.0	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001
1902	152	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370337

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2001	¹⁵¹Eu	0.4781(6)	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1836764
2001	¹⁵³Eu	0.5219(6)	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1836764
1997	¹⁵¹Eu	0.4781(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹⁵³Eu	0.5219(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1989	¹⁵¹Eu	0.478(15)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1989	¹⁵³Eu	0.522(15)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1979	¹⁵¹Eu	0.478(5)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹⁵³Eu	0.522(5)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	¹⁵¹Eu	0.478	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹⁵³Eu	0.522	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Descripción

As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium.

Usuarios

Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements. There are no commercial applications for europium metal, although it has been used to dope some types of plastics to make lasers. Since it is a good absorber of neutrons, europium is being studied for use in nuclear reactors.

Europium oxide (Eu2O3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors.

Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years.

Sources

Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Seventeen isotopes are now recognized. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications.

Compounds

See more information at the Europium compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
23981	europium	Eu	[Eu]	151.964
105159	europium(3+)	Eu+3	[Eu+3]	151.964
181095	europium(2+)	Eu+2	[Eu+2]	151.964
104907	europium-152	Eu	[152Eu]	151.92175
105012	europium-154	Eu	[154Eu]	153.92299
105088	europium-155	Eu	[155Eu]	154.92290
10154135	europium-151	Eu	[151Eu]	150.91986
167049	europium-156	Eu	[156Eu]	155.92476
167050	europium-157	Eu	[157Eu]	156.92543
177529	europium-145	Eu	[145Eu]	144.91627
177698	europium-148	Eu	[148Eu]	147.9181
177699	europium-150	Eu	[150Eu]	149.91971
178159	europium-158	Eu	[158Eu]	157.92778
25087141	europium-153	Eu	[153Eu]	152.92124
177499	europium-146	Eu	[146Eu]	145.91721
177500	europium-149	Eu	[149Eu]	148.91794
178174	europium-147	Eu	[147Eu]	146.91675
10313227	europium-154(3+)	Eu+3	[154Eu+3]	153.92299
51352726	europium-136(3+)	Eu+3	[136Eu+3]	135.940
51352727	europium-136	Eu	[136Eu]	135.940

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	1

Isotopes in Geochronology

For more than 40 years, weapons-grade plutonium was manufactured by the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine in the now closed town of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, using single-pass uranium-graphite production reactors [447]. Water from the Yenisei River was used for heat removal from the reactor core. Radioactively contaminated water was discharged into the Yenisei River and was a primary source of contamination of bottom sediments and floodland for hundreds of kilometers down gradient from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine. In 2002, radioactive contamination of the bottom sediments and floodlands was composed primarily of 137Cs, 152Eu, 154Eu, and 60Co [447]. The decrease in the isotope-amount ratio n(154Eu)/n(152Eu) down the depth profiles (Fig. IUPAC.63.1) enables one to determine the age of bottom sediments and floodlands of the Yenisei River and calculate their average formation rates [447].

[447] Z. G. Gritchenko, Y. V. Kuznetsov, V. K. Legin, V. N. Strukov. Radiochemistry44, 199 (2002).

Isotopes in Industry

Europium isotopes have been used in nuclear-control applications because they are good neutron absorbers [448]. 152Eu (with a half-life of 13.5 years), which is produced by 151Eu via the neutron capture reaction 151Eu (n, γ) 152Eu, and 154Eu (with a half-life of 8.59 years) are used as reference sources for calibration in gamma ray spectroscopy (Fig. IUPAC.63.2) [449].

Fig. IUPAC.63.2: ¹⁵²Eu is used as a reference source for calibrating gamma-ray spectrometer systems like the one pictured here. (Photo Source: Snyder and Duval, 2003. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-029) [450].

[448] C. R. Hammond. “The elements”, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, C. Press, Taylor & Francis Group (1998).

[449] K. V. Vimalnatha, M. K. Dasb, M. Ananthakrishnana, N. Ramamoorthy. Appl. Radiat. Isot.62, 17 (2005).

[450] S. Snyder, J. Duval. Design and Construction of a Gamma-ray Spectrometer System for Determining Natural Radioelement Concentrations in Geological Samples at the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (2003).

Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)

Reactions on 153Eu can produce the therapeutic radionuclide 153Sm (with a half-life of about 1.9 days) via fast neutron irradiation 153Eu (n, p) 153Sm [451].

[451] M. Al-Abyad, I. Spahn, S. Sudár, M. Morsy, M. N. H. Comsan, J. Csikai, S. M. Qaim, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 717 (2006).

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
^151Eu	150.919 857(9)	0.4781(6)
^153Eu	152.921 237(9)	0.5219(6)

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
¹⁵¹Eu	150.9198578(18)	0.4781(6)
¹⁵³Eu	152.9212380(18)	0.5219(6)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
¹³⁰Eu	129.964022 ± 0.000578 [Estimated]	1.0 ms ± 0.4	2004	p≈100%; β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹³¹Eu	130.957634 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	17.8 ms ± 1.9	1998	p=89±0.9%; β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹³²Eu	131.954696 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	100 ms [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?; p=0%
¹³³Eu	132.949290 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	200 ms [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?
¹³⁴Eu	133.946537 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	500 ms ± 200	1989	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=?
¹³⁵Eu	134.941870 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	1.5 s ± 0.2	1989	β⁺=100%; β⁺p ?
¹³⁶Eu	135.939620 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	3.3 s ± 0.3	1987	β⁺=100%; β⁺p≈0.09%
¹³⁶Eu^m	135.939620 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	3.8 s ± 0.3	1987	β⁺=100%; β⁺p≈0.09%
¹³⁷Eu	136.935430719 ± 0.0000047	8.4 s ± 0.5	1982	β⁺=100%
¹³⁸Eu	137.933709000 ± 0.00003	5 s [Estimated]	1982	β⁺ ?
¹³⁸Eu^m	137.933709000 ± 0.00003	12.1 s ± 0.6	1982	β⁺=100%
¹³⁹Eu	138.929792307 ± 0.000014117	17.9 s ± 0.6	1975	β⁺=100%
¹³⁹Eu^m	138.929792307 ± 0.000014117	10 us ± 2	2011	IT=100%
¹⁴⁰Eu	139.928087633 ± 0.000055328	1.51 s ± 0.02	1982	β⁺=100%; e⁺=95.1±0.7%; ε=4.9±0.7%
¹⁴⁰Eu^m	139.928087633 ± 0.000055328	125 ms ± 2	1988	IT≈100%; β⁺<1%
¹⁴⁰Euⁿ	139.928087633 ± 0.000055328	299.8 ns ± 2.1	2002	IT=100%
¹⁴¹Eu	140.924931734 ± 0.000013568	40.7 s ± 0.7	1977	β⁺=100%
¹⁴¹Eu^m	140.924931734 ± 0.000013568	2.7 s ± 0.3	1973	IT=86±0.3%; β⁺=14±0.3%
¹⁴²Eu	141.923446719 ± 0.000032268	2.36 s ± 0.10	1966	β⁺=100%; e⁺=89.9±1.6%; ε=10.1±1.6%
¹⁴²Eu^m	141.923446719 ± 0.000032268	1.223 m ± 0.008	1966	β⁺=100%
¹⁴³Eu	142.920298678 ± 0.000011793	2.59 m ± 0.02	1965	β⁺=100%
¹⁴³Eu^m	142.920298678 ± 0.000011793	50.0 us ± 0.5	1978	IT=100%
¹⁴⁴Eu	143.918819481 ± 0.00001158	10.2 s ± 0.1	1965	β⁺=100%
¹⁴⁴Eu^m	143.918819481 ± 0.00001158	1.0 us ± 0.1	1976	IT=100%
¹⁴⁵Eu	144.916272659 ± 0.000003285	5.93 d ± 0.04	1951	β⁺=100%
¹⁴⁵Eu^m	144.916272659 ± 0.000003285	490 ns ± 30	1975	IT=100%
¹⁴⁶Eu	145.917210852 ± 0.000006451	4.61 d ± 0.03	1957	β⁺=100%
¹⁴⁶Eu^m	145.917210852 ± 0.000006451	235 us ± 3	1962	IT=100%
¹⁴⁷Eu	146.916752440 ± 0.000002758	24.1 d ± 0.6	1951	β⁺≈100%; α=0.0022±0.6%
¹⁴⁷Eu^m	146.916752440 ± 0.000002758	765 ns ± 15	1970	IT=100%
¹⁴⁸Eu	147.918091288 ± 0.000010693	54.5 d ± 0.5	1951	β⁺=100%; α=9.4e-7±2.8%
¹⁴⁸Eu^m	147.918091288 ± 0.000010693	162 ns ± 8	1980	IT=100%
¹⁴⁹Eu	148.917936875 ± 0.00000419	93.1 d ± 0.4	1959	ε=100%
¹⁴⁹Eu^m	148.917936875 ± 0.00000419	2.45 us ± 0.05	1961	IT=100%
¹⁵⁰Eu	149.919707092 ± 0.000006688	36.9 y ± 0.9	1950	β⁺=100%
¹⁵⁰Eu^m	149.919707092 ± 0.000006688	12.8 h ± 0.1	1953	β^-=89±0.2%; β⁺=11±0.2%; IT ?
¹⁵¹Eu	150.919856606 ± 0.000001251	4.6 Ey ± 1.2	1933	IS=47.81±0.6%; α=100%
¹⁵¹Eu^m	150.919856606 ± 0.000001251	58.9 us ± 0.5	1958	IT=100%
¹⁵²Eu	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	13.517 y ± 0.006	1938	β⁺=72.08±1.3%; β^-=27.92±1.3%
¹⁵²Eu^m	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	9.3116 h ± 0.0013	1958	β^-=73±0.3%; β⁺=27±0.3%
¹⁵²Euⁿ	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	940 ns ± 80	1978	IT=100%
¹⁵²Eu^p	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	165 ns ± 10	1978	IT=100%
¹⁵²Eu^q	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	384 ns ± 10	1970	IT=100%
¹⁵²Eu^r	151.921750980 ± 0.000001252	95.8 m ± 0.4	1963	IT=100%
¹⁵³Eu	152.921236789 ± 0.000001257	Stable >550Py	1933	IS=52.19±0.6%
¹⁵³Eu^m	152.921236789 ± 0.000001257	475 ns ± 10	2000	IT=100%
¹⁵⁴Eu	153.922985699 ± 0.000001275	8.592 y ± 0.003	1947	β^-=99.982±1.2%; ε=0.018±1.2%
¹⁵⁴Eu^m	153.922985699 ± 0.000001275	2.2 us ± 0.1	1964	IT=100%
¹⁵⁴Euⁿ	153.922985699 ± 0.000001275	46.3 m ± 0.4	1975	IT=100%
¹⁵⁵Eu	154.922899847 ± 0.000001343	4.742 y ± 0.008	1947	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁶Eu	155.924762976 ± 0.000003791	15.19 d ± 0.08	1947	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁷Eu	156.925432556 ± 0.000004545	15.18 h ± 0.03	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁸Eu	157.927782192 ± 0.000002181	45.9 m ± 0.2	1951	β^-=100%
¹⁵⁹Eu	158.929099512 ± 0.000004637	18.1 m ± 0.1	1961	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁰Eu	159.931836982 ± 0.00000097	42.6 s ± 0.5	1973	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁰Eu^m	159.931836982 ± 0.00000097	30.8 s ± 0.5	2016	β^-=100%
¹⁶¹Eu	160.933663991 ± 0.000011164	26.2 s ± 2.3	1986	β^-=100%
¹⁶²Eu	161.936958329 ± 0.00000141	~10 s	1987	β^-=100%
¹⁶²Eu^m	161.936958329 ± 0.00000141	15.0 s ± 0.5	2016	β^-=100%
¹⁶³Eu	162.939265510 ± 0.00000097	7.7 s ± 0.4	2007	β^-=100%
¹⁶³Eu^m	162.939265510 ± 0.00000097	911 ns ± 24	2017	IT=100%
¹⁶⁴Eu	163.942852943 ± 0.000002219	4.16 s ± 0.19	2007	β^-=100%
¹⁶⁵Eu	164.945540070 ± 0.000005596	2.53 s ± 0.25	2007	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁶Eu	165.949813 ± 0.000107 [Estimated]	1.24 s ± 0.12	2007	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁷Eu	166.953011 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	1.33 s ± 0.51	2012	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁸Eu	167.957863 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	200 ms ± 100	2012	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹⁶⁹Eu	168.961717 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	420 ms >550ns [Estimated]	2018	β^- ?
¹⁷⁰Eu	169.966870 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	Not-specified		β^- ?; β^-n ?

Fuentes de información

1. PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

LICENSE
https://www-nds.iaea.org/disclaimer.html

Eu
https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
3. IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

LICENSE
http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm

Europium
https://www.ciaaw.org/europium.htm
4. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
Please see citation and linking information https https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice

Europium
https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele063.html
5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

LICENSE
https://about.lanl.gov/lanl-resources/web-policies/

Europium
https://periodic.lanl.gov/63.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

LICENSE
https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer

Europium
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=63
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements

LICENSE
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html

Europium

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