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Thallium

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Thallium

Atomic Mass	204.3833
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s24f145d106p1
Oxidation States	+3, +1
Year Discovered	1861

Thallium

Atomic Mass	204.3833
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s24f145d106p1
Oxidation States	+3, +1
Year Discovered	1861

Identifiers

Element Name	Thallium
Element Symbol	Tl
InChI	InChI=1S/Tl
InChIKey	BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties

Atomic Weight	[204.382, 204.385] 204.3833 204.38 [204.382,204.385]
Electron Configuration	[Xe]6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p¹
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius :196 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius :190pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius :145(7) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3, +1 3, 2, 1, -1, -2, -5
Ground Level	²P°_1/2
Ionization Energy	6.108 eV 6.1082873 ± 0.0000012 eV
Electronegativity	Pauling Scale Electronegativity :1.62(Pauling Scale) Allen Scale Electronegativity :1.789(Allen Scale)
Electron Affinity	0.2eV 0.32eV
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	6
Element Group Number	13
Density	11.8 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	577 K (304°C or 579°F) 304°C
Boiling Point	1746 K (1473°C or 2683°F) 1473°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	8.5×10^-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	1.9×10^-5 milligrams per liter

History

The name derives from the Greek thallos for "green shoot" or "twig" because of the bright green line in its spectrum. Thallium was discovered by the English physicist and chemist William Crookes in 1861. Metallic thallium was first isolated by the French chemist Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1862.

Thallium was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Crookes, an English chemist, in 1861. Crooks had obtained the sludge left over from the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from a friend. After removing all of the selenium from the sludge, he inspected it with a device known as a spectroscope to look for signs of tellurium. Rather than seeing the yellow spectral lines produced by tellurium, he observed a bright green line that no one had ever seen before. He named the new element that was producing the green line thallium, after the greek word for 'green twig', thallos. He isolated samples of thallium the next year. Thallium is found in the minerals crooksite (CuThSe), lorandite (TlAsS2) and hutchinsonite ((Pb, Tl)2As5S9), but is usually obtained as a byproduct of the production of sulfuric acid or as a byproduct of refining zinc or lead.

From Greek thallos, meanin a green shoot or twig. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and by Lamy in 1862 at about the same time.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
2009	[204.382, 204.385]	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14
1985	204.3833(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198658121677
1979	204.383(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1969	204.37(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1961	204.37	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00881a001
1925	204.39	https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9252700913
1909	204.0	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001
1902	204.1	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370337

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2013	²⁰³Tl	[0.2944, 0.2959]	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	²⁰⁵Tl	[0.7041, 0.7056]	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2001	²⁰³Tl	0.2952(1)	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1836764
2001	²⁰⁵Tl	0.7048(1)	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1836764
1989	²⁰³Tl	0.295 24(14)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1989	²⁰⁵Tl	0.704 76(14)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199163070991
1979	²⁰³Tl	0.295 24(18)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	²⁰⁵Tl	0.704 76(18)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	²⁰³Tl	0.295	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	²⁰⁵Tl	0.705	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Description

When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydride is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopic forms of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 184 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at -60C, some 20 degrees below the freezing point of mercury.

Users

There are no uses for metallic thallium since pure thallium quickly combines with oxygen and water vapor from the atmosphere, forming a black, powdery substance. Thallium, used in conjunction with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, forms low melting glass. Thallium sulfate (Tl2SO4), an odorless, tasteless thallium compound, was once used as a rat and ant poison, although it has been banned from household use in the United States since 1974. Thallium sulfide (Tl2S), thallium iodide (TlI) and thallium bromide (TlBr) are all compounds used in devices to detect infrared radiation.

Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses with become fluid between 125 and 150C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is used in the manufacture of photo cells. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits.

Sources

Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium.

Compounds

See more information at the Thallium compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
5359464	thallium	Tl	[Tl]	204.383
5461982	thallium-201	Tl	[201Tl]	200.9708
105005	thallium(1+)	Tl+	[Tl+]	204.383
16019994	thallium-203	Tl	[203Tl]	202.97234
105172	thallium(3+)	Tl+3	[Tl+3]	204.383
6335516	thallium-204	Tl	[204Tl]	203.97386
6335611	thallium-208	Tl	[208Tl]	207.98202
6337070	thallium-200	Tl	[200Tl]	199.97096
6337071	thallium-202	Tl	[202Tl]	201.97211
16019993	thallium-205	Tl	[205Tl]	204.97443
25087151	thallium-207	Tl	[207Tl]	206.97742
10130399	thallium-201(1+)	Tl+	[201Tl+]	200.9708
6337571	thallium-199	Tl	[199Tl]	198.9699
6337570	thallium-206	Tl	[206Tl]	205.97611
6337634	thallium-195	Tl	[195Tl]	194.9698
6337535	thallium-194	Tl	[194Tl]	193.9711
6337615	thallium-197	Tl	[197Tl]	196.9696
6337662	thallium-209	Tl	[209Tl]	208.98535
44145119	thallium-210	Tl	[210Tl]	209.9901
6337590	thallium-198	Tl	[198Tl]	197.97045
165412135	thallium-199(1+)	Tl+	[199Tl+]	198.9699

Handling And Storage

The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Exposure to thallium (soluble compounds) - skin, as Tl, should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man.

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	2

Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science

Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of thallium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of thallium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.81.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [538]. The isotope-amount ratio n(205Tl)/n(203Tl) has been used to study how trace metals are transported and distributed in hydrothermal fluids [538]. The n(205Tl)/n(203Tl) ratio has also been used to study the cycling, distribution, and behavior of thallium in the marine environment [538].

Fig. IUPAC.81.1: Variation in atomic weight with isotopic composition of selected thallium-bearing materials (modified from [13], [17]).

[13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011).

[17] T. B. Coplen, J. A. Hopple, J. K. Böhlke, H. S. Peiser, S. E. Rieder, H. R. Krouse, K. J. R. Rosman, T. Ding, R. D. Vocke, K. Revesz, A. Lamberty, P. D. P. Taylor, P. D. Bièvre. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01-4222, (2002).

[538] M. Rehkamper, M. Frank, J. R. Hein, D. Porcelli, A. Halliday, J. Ingri, V. Liebetrau. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.197, 65 (2002).

Isotopes in Medicine

201Tl scintigraphy is used to detect coronary artery disease [539]. Imaging of 201Tl (with a half-life of 3 days), can be used for exercise perfusion tests of the myocardium (muscular tissue of the heart), which determine damage to the heart caused by a heart attack or by heart disease (Fig. IUPAC.81.2) [539].

Fig. IUPAC.81.2: During exercise myocardium perfusion tests, a patient will exercise on a treadmill until they have reached their maximal exercise point (determined by heart rate and age). Once they reach their maximal exercise point, a radionuclide (usually of thallium or technetium) is injected into the intravenous line in their arm, and the patient continues to exercise for a few more minutes. Once the radionuclide reaches the heart, the patient lies flat on a table and a gamma camera takes pictures of the heart for about 30 min. The areas of decreased blood flow or damaged tissue will be illuminated by the radionuclide. (Image source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Diseases and Conditions Index, National Institutes of Health) [540].

[539] G. A. Beller, B. L. Zaret. Circulation101, 1465 (2000).

[540] National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Diseases and Conditions Index. What is Stress Testing? National Institutes of Health (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health//dci/Diseases/stress/stress_all.html.

Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)

203Tl is used in the production of 201Tl via the 203Tl (p, 3 n) 201Pb reaction, which is followed by a subsequent electron capture decay reaction of 201Pb to finally yield 201Tl. 205Tl is used as an alternative target in the production of 201Tl.

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
^203Tl	202.972 344(8)	[0.2944, 0.2959]
^205Tl	204.974 427(8)	[0.7041, 0.7056]

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
²⁰³Tl	202.9723446(14)	0.2952(1)
²⁰⁵Tl	204.9744278(14)	0.7048(1)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
¹⁷⁶Tl	176.000627731 ± 0.000089166	6.2 ms ± 2.3	2004	p≈100%; α ?; β⁺ ?
¹⁷⁷Tl	176.996414252 ± 0.000023218	18 ms ± 5	1999	α=73±1.3%; p ?
¹⁷⁷Tl^m	176.996414252 ± 0.000023218	230 us ± 40	1997	p=51±0.8%; α=49±0.8%
¹⁷⁸Tl	177.995047 ± 0.00011 [Estimated]	255 ms ± 9	1997	α=62±0.2%; β⁺=38±0.2%; β⁺SF=0.15±0.6%
¹⁷⁹Tl	178.991122185 ± 0.000041495	437 ms ± 9	1983	α=60±0.2%; β⁺ ?
¹⁷⁹Tl^m	178.991122185 ± 0.000041495	1.41 ms ± 0.02	1983	α≈100%; IT ?; β⁺ ?
¹⁷⁹Tlⁿ	178.991122185 ± 0.000041495	119 ns ± 14	2018	IT=100%
¹⁸⁰Tl	179.989918950 ± 0.000075058	1.09 s ± 0.01	1987	β⁺=93±0.3%; α=7±0.3%; β⁺SF=0.0032±0.2%
¹⁸¹Tl	180.986259978 ± 0.000009771	2.9 s ± 0.1	1996	β⁺ ?; α=8.6±0.6%
¹⁸¹Tl^m	180.986259978 ± 0.000009771	1.40 ms ± 0.03	1984	IT=99.60±0.4%; α=0.40±0.6%; β⁺ ?
¹⁸²Tl	181.985692649 ± 0.000012856	1.9 s ± 0.1	1991	β⁺≈100%; α>0.49%; β⁺SF<3.4e-6%
¹⁸²Tl^m	181.985692649 ± 0.000012856	3.1 s ± 1.0	1991	β⁺≈100%; α=2.5±1.4%; IT ?
¹⁸²Tl^p	181.985692649 ± 0.000012856	Not-specified
¹⁸³Tl	182.982192843 ± 0.000010017	6.9 s ± 0.7	1980	β⁺=?; α ?
¹⁸³Tl^m	182.982192843 ± 0.000010017	53.3 ms ± 0.3	1980	IT ?; α=1.5±0.3%; β⁺ ?
¹⁸³Tlⁿ	182.982192843 ± 0.000010017	1.48 us ± 0.10	2001	IT=100%
¹⁸⁴Tl	183.981874973 ± 0.000010747	9.5 s ± 0.2	1976	β⁺=98.78±3%; α=1.22±3%
¹⁸⁴Tl^m	183.981874973 ± 0.000010747	10.6 s ± 0.5	2016	β⁺=99.53±0.6%; IT ?; α=0.47±0.6%
¹⁸⁴Tlⁿ	183.981874973 ± 0.000010747	47.1 ms ± 0.7	1984	IT≈100%; α=0.089±1.9%
¹⁸⁵Tl	184.978789189 ± 0.000022194	19.5 s ± 0.5	1976	β⁺≈100%; α ?
¹⁸⁵Tl^m	184.978789189 ± 0.000022194	1.93 s ± 0.08	1976	IT≈100%; α=?; β⁺ ?
¹⁸⁶Tl	185.978654787 ± 0.000022276	3.5 s ± 0.5	1975	β⁺ ?; α=?
¹⁸⁶Tl^m	185.978654787 ± 0.000022276	27.5 s ± 1.0	1975	β⁺≈100%; α≈0.006%
¹⁸⁶Tlⁿ	185.978654787 ± 0.000022276	3.40 s ± 0.09	1977	IT<94.1±0.3%; β⁺>5.9±0.3%
¹⁸⁷Tl	186.975904740 ± 0.00000864	~51 s	1976	β⁺≈100%; α ?
¹⁸⁷Tl^m	186.975904740 ± 0.00000864	15.60 s ± 0.12	1976	IT=?; β⁺=?; α=0.15±0.5%
¹⁸⁷Tlⁿ	186.975904740 ± 0.00000864	1.11 us ± 0.7	2000	IT=100%
¹⁸⁷Tl^p	186.975904740 ± 0.00000864	693 ns ± 38	2000	IT=100%
¹⁸⁸Tl	187.976020886 ± 0.000032103	71 s ± 2	1970	β⁺=100%
¹⁸⁸Tl^m	187.976020886 ± 0.000032103	71.5 s ± 1.5	1970	β⁺=100%
¹⁸⁸Tlⁿ	187.976020886 ± 0.000032103	41 ms ± 4	1981	IT≈100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁸⁹Tl	188.973573525 ± 0.000008983	2.3 m ± 0.2	1972	β⁺=100%
¹⁸⁹Tl^m	188.973573525 ± 0.000008983	1.4 m ± 0.1	1972	β⁺≈100%; IT ?
¹⁹⁰Tl	189.973841771 ± 0.000007784	2.6 m ± 0.3	1970	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁰Tl^m	189.973841771 ± 0.000007784	3.6 m ± 0.3	1970	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁰Tlⁿ	189.973841771 ± 0.000007784	750 us ± 40	1981	IT=100%
¹⁹⁰Tl^p	189.973841771 ± 0.000007784	60 ms [Estimated]	1991	IT=100%
¹⁹¹Tl	190.971784093 ± 0.000007889	20 m [Estimated]	1974	β⁺ ?
¹⁹¹Tl^m	190.971784093 ± 0.000007889	5.22 m ± 0.16	1970	β⁺=100%
¹⁹²Tl	191.972225000 ± 0.000034	9.6 m ± 0.4	1961	β⁺=100%
¹⁹²Tl^m	191.972225000 ± 0.000034	10.8 m ± 0.2	1961	β⁺=100%
¹⁹²Tlⁿ	191.972225000 ± 0.000034	296 ns ± 5	1980	IT=100%
¹⁹²Tl^p	191.972225000 ± 0.000034	Not-specified	1991	α=100%
¹⁹³Tl	192.970501994 ± 0.0000072	21.6 m ± 0.8	1960	β⁺=100%
¹⁹³Tl^m	192.970501994 ± 0.0000072	2.11 m ± 0.15	1963	IT≈75%; β⁺≈25%
¹⁹⁴Tl	193.971081408 ± 0.000015	33.0 m ± 0.5	1960	β⁺=100%; α ?
¹⁹⁴Tl^m	193.971081408 ± 0.000015	32.8 m ± 0.2	1960	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁵Tl	194.969774052 ± 0.000011944	1.16 h ± 0.05	1955	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁵Tl^m	194.969774052 ± 0.000011944	3.6 s ± 0.4	1957	IT=100%
¹⁹⁶Tl	195.970481189 ± 0.000013	1.84 h ± 0.03	1955	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁶Tl^m	195.970481189 ± 0.000013	1.41 h ± 0.02	1960	β⁺=96.2±0.4%; IT=3.8±0.4%
¹⁹⁷Tl	196.969560492 ± 0.000014573	2.84 h ± 0.04	1955	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁷Tl^m	196.969560492 ± 0.000014573	540 ms ± 10	1953	IT=100%
¹⁹⁸Tl	197.970446669 ± 0.0000081	5.3 h ± 0.5	1949	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁸Tl^m	197.970446669 ± 0.0000081	1.87 h ± 0.03	1949	β⁺=55.9±2.3%; IT=44.1±2.3%
¹⁹⁸Tlⁿ	197.970446669 ± 0.0000081	150 ns ± 40	1977	IT=100%
¹⁹⁸Tl^p	197.970446669 ± 0.0000081	32.1 ms ± 1.0	1975	IT=100%
¹⁹⁹Tl	198.969877000 ± 0.00003	7.42 h ± 0.08	1949	β⁺=100%
¹⁹⁹Tl^m	198.969877000 ± 0.00003	28.4 ms ± 0.2	1963	IT=100%
²⁰⁰Tl	199.970963608 ± 0.000006182	26.1 h ± 0.1	1949	β⁺=100%
²⁰⁰Tl^m	199.970963608 ± 0.000006182	34.0 ms ± 0.9	1963	IT=100%
²⁰⁰Tlⁿ	199.970963608 ± 0.000006182	397 ns ± 17	1972	IT=100%
²⁰¹Tl	200.970820235 ± 0.000015228	3.0421 d ± 0.0008	1950	ε=100%
²⁰¹Tl^m	200.970820235 ± 0.000015228	2.01 ms ± 0.07	1962	IT=100%
²⁰²Tl	201.972108874 ± 0.000001972	12.31 d ± 0.08	1940	ε=100%
²⁰²Tl^m	201.972108874 ± 0.000001972	591 us ± 3	1958	IT=100%
²⁰³Tl	202.972344098 ± 0.000001257	Stable	1931	IS=29.515±4.4%
²⁰³Tl^m	202.972344098 ± 0.000001257	<1 us	2020	IT=100%
²⁰³Tlⁿ	202.972344098 ± 0.000001257	7.7 us ± 0.5	1998	IT=100%
²⁰⁴Tl	203.973863420 ± 0.000001238	3.783 y ± 0.012	1953	β^-=97.08±0.7%; ε+β⁺=2.92±0.7%
²⁰⁴Tl^m	203.973863420 ± 0.000001238	61.7 us ± 1.0	1972	IT=100%
²⁰⁴Tlⁿ	203.973863420 ± 0.000001238	2.6 us ± 0.2	1998	IT=100%
²⁰⁴Tl^p	203.973863420 ± 0.000001238	420 ns ± 30	1998	IT=100%
²⁰⁴Tl^q	203.973863420 ± 0.000001238	90 ns ± 3	2011	IT=100%
²⁰⁵Tl	204.974427318 ± 0.00000133	Stable	1931	IS=70.485±4.4%
²⁰⁵Tl^m	204.974427318 ± 0.00000133	2.6 us ± 0.2	1976	IT=100%
²⁰⁵Tlⁿ	204.974427318 ± 0.00000133	235 ns ± 10	2004	IT=100%
²⁰⁶Tl	205.976110108 ± 0.00000138	4.202 m ± 0.011	1935	β^-=100%
²⁰⁶Tl^m	205.976110108 ± 0.00000138	3.74 m ± 0.03	1976	IT=100%
²⁰⁷Tl	206.977418605 ± 0.000005839	4.77 m ± 0.02	1908	β^-=100%
²⁰⁷Tl^m	206.977418605 ± 0.000005839	1.33 s ± 0.11	1965	IT≈100%; β^- ?
²⁰⁸Tl	207.982018006 ± 0.000001989	3.053 m ± 0.004	1909	β^-=100%
²⁰⁸Tl^m	207.982018006 ± 0.000001989	1.3 us ± 0.1	2020	IT=100%
²⁰⁹Tl	208.985351713 ± 0.000006559	2.162 m ± 0.007	1950	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
²⁰⁹Tl^m	208.985351713 ± 0.000006559	146 ns ± 10	2009	IT=100%
²¹⁰Tl	209.990072942 ± 0.000012456	1.30 m ± 0.03	1909	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.009±0.6%
²¹⁰Tl^m	209.990072942 ± 0.000012456	1 m >3 us [Estimated]	2018	β^- ?; IT ?
²¹¹Tl	210.993475000 ± 0.000045	81 s ± 16	1998	β^-=100%; β^-n=2.2±2.2%
²¹¹Tl^m	210.993475000 ± 0.000045	580 ns ± 80	2019	IT=100%
²¹²Tl	211.998335 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	31 s ± 8	1998	β^-=100%; β^-n=1.8±1.8%
²¹³Tl	213.001915000 ± 0.000029	23.8 s ± 4.4	2010	β^-=100%; β^-n=7.6±3.4%
²¹³Tl^m	213.001915000 ± 0.000029	4.1 us ± 0.5	2019	IT=100%
²¹³Tlⁿ	213.001915000 ± 0.000029	0.6 us ± 0.3	2019	IT=100%
²¹⁴Tl	214.006940 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]	11.0 s ± 2.4	2010	β^-=100%; β^-n=34±1.2%
²¹⁵Tl	215.010768 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	9.7 s ± 3.8	2010	β^-=100%; β^-n=4.6±4.6%
²¹⁶Tl	216.015964 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	5.9 s ± 3.3	2010	β^-=100%; β^-n<11.5%
²¹⁷Tl	217.020032 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	2 s >300ns [Estimated]	2010	β^- ?; β^-n ?
²¹⁸Tl	218.025454 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	1 s [Estimated]		β^- ?; β^-n ?

Information Sources

1. PubChem
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
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Thallium
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Thallium
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Thallium
https://periodic.lanl.gov/81.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory
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Thallium
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=81
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)
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https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements
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Thallium

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