Experimental Assessment of HOPO in Carbodiimide-Mediated Amide Coupling: Low-Racemization Control, Application Scenarios, and Process Considerations

2-Hydroxypyridine N-oxide (2-hydroxypyridine N-oxide, HOPO) is commonly referred to simply as HOPO. In published pharmaceutical process case studies, it can be found in amide coupling conditions used in combination with carbodiimides such as EDCI, especially in steps where racemization control, ...