TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation Quick Reference (Alcohol Oxidation Focus): Three Regeneration Routes (NaOCl / Cu–O₂ / PIDA) + Selection & Troubleshooting
What is TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation?
TEMPO is a stable nitroxide (aminoxyl) radical catalyst. Its common name reflects its structure: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (often written in English as (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl), CAS 2564-83-2.
TEMPO-catalyzed / TEMPO-mediated oxidation refers to a widely used class of alcohol oxidation methods: using a catalytic amount of TEMPO (or related nitroxide catalysts), together with a terminal oxidant (e.g., NaOCl or O₂/air), to selectively convert primary/secondary alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes/ketones.
The key point is that TEMPO itself is not the “stoichiometric oxidant” consumed in bulk. Instead, it functions as a recyclable redox mediator.
One table to understand “division of roles”
Term | What it is | What it does in the reaction |
TEMPO• (nitroxide, radical state) | The “parent” catalyst form you add | Is driven to higher oxidation states by the terminal oxidant and participates in catalyst regeneration within the cycle |
TEMPO⁺ (oxoammonium, high-oxidation state) | The “high-valent executor” form of TEMPO | In many classic systems, the active species that directly performs the two-electron oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones |
TEMPOH (hydroxylamine, reduced state) | The “recovered” form after TEMPO is reduced | Must be re-oxidized back to an active form by the terminal oxidant for the catalytic cycle to continue |
Terminal oxidant (NaOCl or O₂, etc.) | The true source of oxidizing equivalents that is actually consumed | Regenerates the active TEMPO state(s) and keeps the catalytic cycle running |
Summary: TEMPO⁺ converts alcohols into carbonyl compounds; the terminal oxidant regenerates TEMPO.
Core mechanism: Why can TEMPO⁺ convert alcohols to aldehydes/ketones?
- In many TEMPO-mediated/catalyzed alcohol oxidation systems (e.g., NaOCl/Br⁻, PIDA/PIFA, etc.), the key active state responsible for substrate oxidation can be described as an oxoammonium species (TEMPO⁺ equivalent). The alcohol oxygen first adds to the oxoammonium to form an alkoxyammonium adduct, followed by β-elimination to give the aldehyde/ketone and TEMPOH (depending on the system, this can be equivalently summarized as formal hydride transfer). In this way, the alcohol undergoes a two-electron oxidation to a carbonyl compound, while the oxoammonium is reduced to the hydroxylamine (TEMPOH).
Note: The overall mechanism of Cu/TEMPO aerobic oxidation is generally considered different from the “classic TEMPO⁺ pathway” and is more consistent with a model in which Cu(II) and an oxyl radical cooperate via coupled one-electron steps that collectively accomplish a two-electron oxidation.
- Basic conditions often accelerate the reaction: they increase the fraction of deprotonated alcohol / alkoxide character, making it easier to form a pre-oxidation pairing/adduct with the oxoammonium. Computational studies support an “alkoxide–oxoammonium complex / pre-equilibrium”, which can also rationalize rate differences among alcohols (e.g., MeOH vs i-PrOH).
Note: There is a window—an appropriate pH window (classic conditions often pH ≈ 8.6, or buffered around 8.6–9.5). Excessively strong base or deviation from this window can lead to side reactions and selectivity issues.
- A key advantage of TEMPO systems is that they convert the process of “a strong oxidant directly oxidizing the substrate” into a milder organic redox-mediator cycle: TEMPO⁺ performs the selective substrate oxidation, and the terminal oxidant then regenerates the catalyst to its active state(s). As a result, better controllability and a broader selectivity window are often achievable under milder conditions.
Three common regeneration routes: understanding differences by “how regeneration happens”
TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation may look like “many different recipes,” but from a mechanistic and selection standpoint, the core question is always the same: How does the system regenerate the catalyst from its reduced state back to its active state? Based on differences in regeneration / the source of terminal oxidizing equivalents, common systems can be grouped into three routes:
1. Route A: NaOCl/(NaBr)/nitroxide (classic bleach-based system)
2. Route B: Cu/nitroxide + O₂ (air) (Stahl aerobic system)
3. Route C: PIDA/PIFA + nitroxide (hypervalent iodine(III) regeneration system)
Route A: NaOCl/(NaBr)/nitroxide (classic biphasic bleach system)
- The Anelli–Montanari system is one of the most classic and widely used engineered starting points for TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation: under aqueous/organic biphasic or quasi-biphasic conditions, NaOCl continuously generates/maintains the active oxidized state of the nitroxide (often described as TEMPO⁺ equivalent), enabling primary alcohol → aldehyde and secondary alcohol → ketone. Depending on conditions and oxidizing equivalents, a primary alcohol may also proceed further to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
- NaBr (or KBr) is often included. It is commonly used to accelerate regeneration of the active state and increase the overall rate, improving reaction smoothness for certain substrates/conditions (this logic is also commonly adopted in industrial and flow literature). In the presence of active chlorine, Br⁻ forms more reactive halogen oxy-species such as HOBr/BrO⁻, which are typically used to more rapidly push TEMPO/TEMPOH back to active state(s).
- Practical reminder: many cases that “look like the catalysis doesn’t work” are fundamentally mass-transfer/mixing and endpoint-control problems. Especially in biphasic systems, small changes in emulsion state, addition mode, temperature, and effective oxidant concentration can significantly affect the rate and the window for “stopping at the aldehyde.”
- See the table at the end: Route A Kit Table (NaOCl/Br⁻/nitroxide), where NaOCl, NaBr/KBr, buffers/bases, and quenchers are the most basic “closed-loop components.”
Route B: Cu/nitroxide + O₂ (air) (Stahl aerobic system)
a) The (bpy)Cu(I)/nitroxide system reported by Hoover & Stahl uses air/oxygen as the terminal oxidant and can selectively oxidize many primary alcohols to aldehydes under mild conditions, with good functional-group compatibility. More importantly, mechanistic studies support a two-stage (two half-reactions) framework:
- Stage 1 (catalyst oxidation): O₂ participates in re-oxidizing Cu(I) and TEMPO–H (studies describe involvement of a binuclear Cu₂O₂ intermediate);
- Stage 2 (substrate oxidation): substrate oxidation is accomplished by Cu(II) together with the TEMPO radical, via a Cu(II)-alkoxide intermediate.
b) This directly explains a common observation: Cu/O₂ systems are more sensitive to oxygen mass transfer and catalyst state. Stirring intensity, gas–liquid interfacial area, scale-up strategy, and the purity/state of metal salts and ligands (including trace impurities) can all affect rate and reproducibility.
c) See the table at the end: Route B Kit Table (Cu/nitroxide + O₂), where Cu(I) salts, bpy (and derivatives), and NMI are common key components.
Route C: PIDA/PIFA + nitroxide (hypervalent iodine(III) regeneration system)
a) Beyond active chlorine (Route A) and O₂/metal cooperation (Route B), a third common strategy uses iodine(III) reagents (PIDA/PIFA) as the regeneration/oxidizing-equivalent source to drive the nitroxide catalytic cycle in organic solvents. It is more like a “metal-free, organic-phase, condition-screening-friendly” route:
- Where it fits: when you want to avoid metal salts; when the system is more non-aqueous/organic; or when you want to rapidly screen substrate scope/functional-group compatibility.
- Most sensitive variables: solvent choice and moisture; how acid–base conditions influence side reactions; and whether quenching/workup for residual oxidant is handled properly.
- Mechanistic handle: in many such systems, substrate oxidation can still be understood as alcohol → carbonyl executed by an oxoammonium (TEMPO⁺ equivalent), while PIDA/PIFA provide regeneration and the source of oxidizing equivalents.
- Note: For PIDA/TEMPO systems, recent kinetic/computational studies suggest that the classic simplified “oxoammonium–hydroxylamine” cycle may not be a complete description; however, at the level of method selection and troubleshooting, it is still practical to use “generation of TEMPO⁺-equivalent active state + iodine(III) providing oxidizing equivalents/regeneration capacity” as the working handle.
b) See the table at the end: Route C Kit Table (PIDA/PIFA + nitroxide), where PIDA/PIFA are route-specific core reagents; solvent, base/buffer, and quench/workup can reuse the general supporting set from Route A.
Which system should you choose?
Dimension | Route A: NaOCl/NaBr/nitroxide | Route B: Cu/nitroxide + O₂ | Route C: PIDA/PIFA + nitroxide |
Terminal regeneration / source of oxidizing equivalents | NaOCl (often with Br⁻ synergy) | O₂/air (Cu system participates in re-oxidation) | Iodine(III) reagents: PIDA or PIFA |
System nature | Strong regeneration, fast rate; often biphasic/quasi-biphasic; mass transfer is key | Two stages: re-oxidation + substrate oxidation; gas–liquid mass transfer and catalyst state are key | Metal-free organic-phase regeneration; moisture/solvent/workup are key |
Most common “pitfalls” | Emulsification/mixing, exotherm, endpoint control (stopping at aldehyde) | Oxygen supply/stirring, metal/ligand state, impurities/poisoning functional groups | Moisture and solvent choice, acid–base-triggered side reactions, quenching/workup for residual I(III) |
Troubleshooting: Symptom → Mechanistic cause → What to check first (A/B/C general)
Symptom | More common mechanistic causes (shared) | What to check first (by route) |
Reaction is slow / not moving | Active state forms/regenerates slowly; or is quenched/poisoned; or mass transfer is limiting | A: check NaOCl effectiveness, pH/buffer, biphasic mixing/emulsification, addition mode and temperature; B: check oxygen supply and gas–liquid mass transfer, Cu/ligand/NMI state and purity; C: check whether PIDA/PIFA are sufficient and active, solvent and moisture, and whether acid–base conditions are triggering side reactions |
Want to stop at aldehyde but it continues to acid / many byproducts | The reaction overshoots the “aldehyde window”; aldehyde is further oxidized or undergoes side reactions | A: strengthen endpoint control (equivalents/time/temperature), adjust buffer window if needed; B: control oxygen supply and reaction time to avoid over-oxidizing conditions; C: control I(III) equivalents and time, quench residual oxidant promptly and optimize workup |
Changing nitroxide loading gives limited improvement | The bottleneck is not total nitroxide amount, but regeneration, mass transfer, or poisoning | A: fix “regeneration strength/mixing” first; B: fix “oxygen supply and catalyst state” first; C: fix “effective oxidizing equivalents/moisture/solvent and side reactions” first |
Too many abnormalities with amine-containing substrates or when amines are used as base | Side reactions between oxoammonium and free amines cause deactivation/byproducts | A/C: avoid free amines as much as possible (or adjust protecting group/salt form/additives); B: beyond amine poisoning, also check ligand-competition coordination and drift of the metal catalyst state |
Notes:
a) The overarching logic remains unchanged: most observed problems stem from active-state regeneration or mass transfer/endpoint control, rather than “not enough catalyst.”
b) Br⁻ pushes the system faster and more aggressively: it can make it harder to “stop at the aldehyde,” and it can also increase the risk of active-halogen-driven halogenation and amine-related side reactions. Therefore, when “stopping at aldehyde” is difficult or “abnormally many issues appear in amine-containing systems,” Br⁻ and the effective oxidant equivalents/addition mode are the first items to check.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: In TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation, is TEMPO itself the species that actually converts an alcohol into an aldehyde/ketone?
- A: In most systems, the species that truly performs the two-electron oxidation of an alcohol to a carbonyl compound is an oxoammonium species (the TEMPO⁺-equivalent active state). TEMPO cycles among TEMPO / TEMPO⁺ / TEMPOH and is regenerated by the terminal oxidant, so TEMPO is typically required only in catalytic amounts (a small mol% relative to the substrate). What is actually consumed are the terminal oxidants such as NaOCl, O₂/air, or PIDA/PIFA.
Q2: Why do NaOCl/TEMPO recipes often include NaBr (or KBr)? When is it not recommended?
- A: Br⁻ often generates more reactive halogen oxy-species (e.g., HOBr/BrO⁻), which accelerates catalyst regeneration and the overall rate. However, it can also “push” the system harder—making it more difficult to stop at the aldehyde window and increasing the risk of active-halogen-related side reactions (especially with halogenation-prone substrates or amine-containing systems). Therefore, when you want to reliably stop at the aldehyde or your substrate is sensitive to halogenation, treat Br⁻ as an adjustable knob rather than a default must-have.
Q3: How can I quickly tell whether NaOCl is “effective/fresh”?
A: Check two things first:
- the labeled available chlorine content and the time since opening / storage conditions (bleach potency declines over time);
- if needed, do a quick cross-check using an iodometric approach or a simple available-chlorine test. If NaOCl is not “fresh,” even adding more TEMPO may still give a reaction that “won’t start” or behaves “erratically (fast one time, slow the next).”
Q4: How do I control the endpoint to avoid “tailing” (especially when I want to stop at the aldehyde)?
A: Treat endpoint control as part of the procedure:
- Monitor by TLC/GC/LC; once the target conversion is reached, immediately stop further delivery of oxidizing equivalents (stop adding NaOCl / stop oxygenation / control the I(III) equivalents).
- Quench residual oxidant promptly and complete workup (NaOCl/active halogens are commonly quenched reductively; iodine(III) systems must also be quenched thoroughly). Otherwise, “tailing” can occur—i.e., the reaction seems finished but continues to react.
Q5: For Route B (Cu/nitroxide + air), how can I make it less sensitive to stirring and vessel size?
- A: The key is to describe the oxygen-supply conditions clearly and keep them as constant as possible: stirring intensity, liquid level/headspace ratio, aeration mode (air vs O₂; balloon vs sparging), and—during scale-up—the gas–liquid interfacial area. During condition screening, standardize these variables as much as you can; otherwise, the same recipe in different bottles can easily give different results.
Q6: Why is Route C (PIDA/PIFA) so sensitive to moisture/solvent—and what should I do?
- A: Iodine(III) systems are often highly sensitive to solvent choice and trace moisture; water can shift the distribution of active species and trigger side reactions. In practice, use dry solvents, control the water content of the system, and explicitly include quenching/workup in the procedure (to avoid tailing caused by residual oxidant).
Q7: Are there “stronger/faster” alternatives to TEMPO? When is it worth switching?
- A: Yes—more reactive nitroxides such as AZADO and ABNO are often used. As a rule of thumb: once you have ruled out issues related to regeneration pathway / mass transfer / poisoning, but the reaction is still slow or the substrate is sterically hindered, it is often better to switch to a more reactive nitroxide rather than simply increasing TEMPO loading.
Q8: When should I prioritize PIDA/PIFA + nitroxide (Route C)?
- A: When you want to avoid metal salts, operate in a more non-aqueous organic system, or quickly screen substrate/condition compatibility, Route C is often more convenient. The key knobs are the iodine(III) equivalents, solvent/moisture, acid–base environment, and whether quenching/workup is clean.
Common Supporting Chemicals for TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation
Note: In the Kit tables, common solvents, acid/base (buffering), and quenching/workup reagents are collected under the “shared supporting set” in the Route A Kit Table. The Route B and Route C tables list only the route-core components.
Route A Kit Table | NaOCl/Br⁻/Nitroxyl (Anelli-type; also includes A/B/C shared supporting set)
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Grade / Purity | Role / Use |
Catalyst / mediator (nitroxyl) | 2564-83-2 | 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) | ≥98% | Classic nitroxyl catalyst (shared for A/B/C) | |
Catalyst / mediator (nitroxyl) | 2564-83-2 | TEMPO | Sublimed grade, ≥99% | High-purity TEMPO (better reproducibility; shared for A/B/C) | |
Catalyst / mediator (ready-to-use solution) | 2564-83-2 | Tempo | Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO | Pre-standardized concentration for direct use (automation/bio-related; shared for A/B/C) | |
Catalyst / mediator (nitroxyl) | 2226-96-2 | Nitroxide piperidinol | ≥98% | TEMPOL solid (more hydrophilic; shared/control) | |
Catalyst / mediator (ready-to-use solution) | 2226-96-2 | Tempol | 10 mM in DMSO | TEMPOL standardized solution (ready-to-use; shared/control) | |
Catalyst / mediator (nitroxyl derivative) | 14691-89-5 | 4-Acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl | ≥98% (GC) | TEMPO derivative (for condition screening/control) | |
Catalyst / mediator (nitroxyl derivative) | 95407-69-5 | 4-Methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl [catalyst for oxidation] | ≥98% (GC) | TEMPO derivative (activity/selectivity control) | |
Catalyst / mediator (high-activity nitroxyl) | 57625-08-8 | 2-Azaadamantane N-oxyl radical (AZADO) | ≥96% | High-activity alternative catalyst (upgrade for difficult/sterically hindered substrates) | |
Catalyst / mediator (high-activity nitroxyl) | 31785-68-9 | 9-Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl | ≥98% | High-activity nitroxyl (often used in aerobic/difficult cases; upgrade option) | |
Terminal oxidant (Route A core) | 7681-52-9 | S101639 | Sodium hypochlorite solution | Available chlorine ≥5.0% | Route A terminal oxidant/regenerator (regenerates active nitroxyl) |
Deep-oxidation extension (optional) | 7758-19-2 | Sodium chlorite | ≥80% | Common for aldehyde → acid deep-oxidation extensions (route-dependent) | |
Halide co-catalyst salt (Route A core) | 7647-15-6 | Sodium bromide | Anhydrous, high purity, reagent grade, ≥99% | Br⁻ synergy: promotes regeneration/speeds up (key Route A component) | |
Halide co-catalyst salt (Route A optional) | 7758-02-3 | Potassium bromide | Photographic grade | Alternative Br⁻ source (choose by solubility/system) | |
Phase-transfer / mass-transfer aid (optional) | 1643-19-2 | Tetrabutylammonium bromide | Ion-pair chromatography grade, ≥99% | Phase transfer / improved mixing in biphasic systems (optional Route A upgrade) | |
Buffer / pH control (shared) | 144-55-8 | Sodium bicarbonate | For cell culture/insect cell culture, ≥99.5% | Mild buffering / pH control (commonly used in A; reusable for B/C) | |
Buffer / pH control (shared) | 497-19-8 | Sodium carbonate | Anhydrous, AR, suitable for analysis | Stronger basic buffer (rate/window tuning; shared) | |
Base (shared) | 584-08-7 | P485463 | Potassium carbonate | Anhydrous, high purity, reagent grade, ≥99% | Common mild base (also used in organic/hypervalent iodine systems; shared) |
Strong base / pH adjustment (shared) | 1310-73-2 | S111498 | Sodium hydroxide | AR, ≥96% | Strong base for pH adjustment (shared; route-dependent) |
Buffer salt (shared/optional) | 7558-80-7 | Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (anhydrous) | For cell culture/insect cell culture, ≥99% (T) | Phosphate buffer component (more stable buffering; shared) | |
Buffer salt (shared/optional) | 7558-79-4 | Disodium hydrogen phosphate (anhydrous) | For cell culture/insect cell culture | Phosphate buffer component (shared) | |
Quench / remove residual oxidant (shared) | 7772-98-7 | Sodium thiosulfate concentrate | Dilute to 1 L; final concentration 0.1 M | Removes residual active halogen/oxidant (common SOP; shared) | |
Quench / remove residual oxidant (shared) | 10102-17-7 | Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate | Ph.Eur, suitable for analysis, ACS | Solid quencher (prepare as needed; shared) | |
Quench / remove residual oxidant (shared) | 7757-83-7 | Sodium sulfite | Anhydrous, reagent grade, ≥98% | Reductive quencher (shared) | |
Quench / remove residual oxidant (shared) | 7631-90-5 | Sodium bisulfite | AR | Reductive quencher (shared) | |
Workup acid (shared) | 64-19-7 | Glacial acetic acid | AR, ≥99.5% | Mild pH adjustment/quench (shared) | |
Workup acid (shared) | 7647-01-0 | H485680 | Fuming hydrochloric acid, 37% (regulated precursor) | AR, suitable for analysis, max. 0.001 ppm Hg | Strong acid for pH adjustment/termination (shared; compliance note) |
Solvent (shared) | 75-09-2 | D433565 | Dichloromethane | Anhydrous, ≥99.8%, with 40–150 ppm pentene stabilizer | Common anhydrous solvent for reaction/extraction (A/C common) |
Solvent (shared) | 108-88-3 | T399633 | Toluene (regulated precursor) | Anhydrous, ≥99.8% | Reaction solvent/diluent (B/C common; shared) |
Solvent (shared) | 75-65-0 | tert-Butanol | Anhydrous, ≥99.5% | Reaction solvent / system screening (shared) | |
Solvent (shared) | 141-78-6 | Ethyl acetate | For protein sequencing, ≥99.5% | Extraction/workup (cleaner; shared) | |
Solvent (shared) | 67-64-1 | A399740 | Acetone (regulated precursor) | Histology grade, ≥99.5% | Common for cleaning/workup (shared) |
LC–MS solvent (optional) | 75-05-8 | A433526 | Acetonitrile solution | MS grade (MS), UltraPureChrom™, UHPLC grade, contains 0.1% (v/v) formic acid | LC–MS quantitation/trace analysis support (optional) |
LC–MS solvent (optional) | 7732-18-5 | W433885 | Water | MS grade (MS), UltraPureChrom™, UHPLC grade | LC–MS / low-background support (optional) |
Testing/control (optional) | 7681-11-0 | Potassium iodide | For plant cell culture | Residual oxidant testing/control (e.g., iodometry concept; optional) |
Route B Kit Table | Cu/nitroxyl + O₂ (Stahl-type; core components for aerobic oxidation)
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Grade / Purity | Role / Use |
Copper source (Cu(I)) | 7758-89-6 | Copper(I) chloride | PrimorTrace™, ≥99.999% metals basis | Cu(I) catalytic source (trace-metal grade; helps reproducibility/mechanistic work) | |
Copper source (Cu(I)) | 7787-70-4 | Copper(I) bromide | PrimorTrace™, ≥99.99% metals basis | Cu(I) catalytic source (trace-metal grade) | |
Copper source (Cu(II), optional) | 7789-45-9 | Copper(II) bromide | AR, ≥99% | Cu(II) salt (optional; for certain systems/starting state/tuning) | |
Copper source (Cu(II), optional) | 10125-13-0 | Copper(II) chloride dihydrate | AR | Cu(II) salt (optional copper source) | |
Copper source (Cu(II), optional) | 6046-93-1 | Copper(II) acetate monohydrate | Suitable for analysis, ACS | Cu(II) salt (optional copper source) | |
Ligand (N,N) | 366-18-7 | 2,2′-Bipyridine | AR, ≥99% | Common N,N ligand (frequently used in Stahl-type systems) | |
Ligand (N,N) | 17217-57-1 | 4,4′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine | ≥98% | bpy derivative (system optimization/control) | |
Additive / base | 616-47-7 | 1-Methylimidazole | ≥99% | Common additive / assisting ligand base (per literature recipes) | |
Ligand (N,N) (optional/control) | 66-71-7 | 1,10-Phenanthroline (anhydrous) | Moligand™, ≥99% | Alternative/control Cu ligand: strong Cu chelator; can replace/benchmark 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) for system screening and reproducibility/mechanistic comparisons |
Route C Kit Table | PIDA/PIFA + nitroxyl (hypervalent iodine(III) regeneration system)
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Grade / Purity | Role / Use |
I(III) regenerator (core) | 3240-34-4 | (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene | ≥98% | PIDA: iodine(III) regenerator / source of oxidizing equivalents (Route C core) | |
I(III) regenerator (core) | 2712-78-9 | [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene | ≥97% | PIFA: stronger iodine(III) system (for specific substrates/stronger conditions) | |
Source of oxidizing equivalents (shared support / optional alternative terminal oxidants) | 70693-62-8 | Potassium peroxymonosulfate | Suitable for synthesis | Oxone: alternative/extended oxidation system (screen as needed) | |
Source of oxidizing equivalents (shared support / optional alternative terminal oxidants) | 7722-84-1 | Hydrogen peroxide solution | For microbiology, 3% | H₂O₂: alternative oxidizing equivalents / system screening (as needed) | |
Source of oxidizing equivalents (shared support / optional alternative terminal oxidants) | 75-91-2 | tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) | 70% in H₂O | TBHP: alternative oxidizing equivalents / system screening (as needed) |
Note: The items above are representative Aladdin catalog numbers. For additional sizes/specifications, please refer to the consolidated product list at the end of the article or search the Aladdin website by CAS number or product name.
Aladdin: https://www.aladdinsci.com/