Calcium ions (Ca²⁺), as a pivotal intracellular second messenger, are broadly involved in signal transduction, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and apoptosis, neurotransmitter release, and many other physiological processes.
Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant transition metal in the human body. As a catalytic, structural, and regulatory ion, it participates in a wide range of biological processes, including immune responses, oxidative stress, apoptosis, aging, and neuronal signal transduction. Intracellular ...
Mag-Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester (Mag-Fluo-4 AM) is a cell-permeant fluorescent metal ion probe and a structural analog of the classical Ca²⁺ indicator Fluo-4 AM.
α-Synuclein is a small molecule protein mainly found in the presynaptic terminals of the central nervous system. It consists of 140 amino acids and has a molecular weight of about 19 kDa.
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is a classical fluorescent dye widely used in molecular biology research. Its chemical structure consists of a tri-benzimidazole, which can intercalate between the base pairs of DNA or RNA, significantly enhancing its fluorescence signal. Initially discovered as a ...
In 1998, the field of medical science marked a major milestone when Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, and Ferid Murad were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for uncovering the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a key signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. This ...
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